The Decision Between Organic And Conventional Foods

â€Å"Sales of organic foods have soared in recent years, as more consumers pay attention to where their food comes from and try to eliminate exposure to chemicals and toxins.† (Walmart2015) Multiple factors such as cost, convenience and health risks can influence a consumer in the decision between organic and conventional foods. In the past years the media has opened consumer minds to the risks of conventional foods and resources have been made available to close the gap in cost and convenience between organic and conventional foods. In recent years, resources have been created to close the financial gap between organic and conventional foods, though you might find yourself shopping at different stores or farmers markets. Most consumers go towards weekly adds in their local grocer clipping coupons and shopping on a budget that usually led to a cart filled with conventional foods. In recent years that has changed. Typical stores are now carrying organic options and also advertising sales and new items. Walmart is trying to make organic food more accessible to its budget- conscious shoppers. The nation’s largest retailer is making a bigger bet on the fast-growing category, teaming with Wild Oats to sell organic packaged food priced in line with conventional foods and at least 25 percent less than other organic brands it carries. The effort by Wal-Mart, the world’s largest retailer and the largest seller of food in the United States, could have a ripple effect in theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Pros An d Cons Of Organic Foods1393 Words   |  6 Pages Organic Foods Courtney Rathmann HLTH 232 10/1/2017 Hearing the term organic foods, we think what are those and how do they compare to conventional foods? Organic foods and other ingredients are grown without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, genetically modified organisms, or ionizing radiation. 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SABMiller - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2209 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION: SABMiller is an international brewing company which not only relates with brewing business but also deal with hotels and gaming world. SABMiller Company comes from the organization SAB (The South African Breweries Limited) which was founded in 1895 and the position of SABMiller in todays market is they are having 98% share of the beer market. The main objective of an organization is to achieve commercial success in beer and other beverages by gaining customer satisfaction over quality and services as well as by fulfilling stakeholders expectation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "SABMiller" essay for you Create order For achieving this objective organization fulfill their goals of business growth and maximized long term shareholder value. SABMiller plays an important role in the South African soft drink market by holding 74% interest in Amalgamated Beverage Industry Ltd, the worlds largest bottling company of Coco-Cola products with an ownership of Appletiser South Africa Private Ltd. At the end of 31 M arch 2009, SABMiller is listed on the London and Johannesburg stock exchanges, the group reported US$3,405 million in adjusted as pretax profit and group revenue of US$25,302 million. https://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=180 (Accessed: 17/12/2009) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT: BECOMING A GLOBAL BREWER HISTORY OF SAB: The South African Breweries Limited (SAB) was founded in 1895 and today SABMiller holds 98 percent share of the beer market. Jones, Adam (2003). In 1895 The South African Breweries Limited (SAB) is incorporated in London. SAB gain an ownership of Castle Brewery in Johannesburg, South Africa. In the same year company got a listing on London stock exchange, a brand new product Castle Larger got launched from a new commissioned lager brewery having capacity of 50,000 barrels per annum. In 1897 SAB got a position in Johannesburg Stock Exchange, SAB was the first industrial company which got listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and got first industrial share. In 1898SAB started producing Castle lager, which becomes a phenomenal success. In 1911 SAB started importing seeds free of charges and reduced to buy crop at market prices which results in stimulation in local market. In 1925 by buying a stake in the Schweppes Company, SAB diversifies into soft drinks. In 1950 S AB moved head office from London to Johannesburg. In 1956 SAB purchased Ohlssons Cape Breweries and Chandlers Union Breweries take, resulting union of three largest South African brewing companies and SAB gained 90 percent of the domestic market.. In 1994 by gaining joint venture with China Resources Enterprise Limited, SAB accessed in the Chinese beer market. In 1999 SAB reestablished headquarters in London. SABs divestment program reduces interests in beer, soft drinks, wines and spirits, and hotel and gaming. In 2000 SAB gain an accessed in Indian market by acquiring Narang Breweries and purchased its first brewery plant. https://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=27 (Accessed: 17/12/2009) ESTABLISHMENT OF SABMILLER: In 2002 Company changes its name to SABMiller as SAB acquired number two U.S beer maker Miller Brewing Company for $3.48 billion in stock. In 2003Company purchased 60% stocks of Birra Peroni, Italys number two brewer. This was the first major investment SABMiller did in Western Europe. In 2005 Company merge with a Grupo Empresarial Bavaria, South Americas second largest brewer In 2008 SABMiller got control over Grolsch by acquisition and announced the construction of a new beverage plant in Juba, Southern Sudan. https://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=27 (Accessed: 18/12/2009) STRATEGIC POSITION OF SAB IN 2007: According to many authors, Strategy plays an important role in organization for achieving objective and getting exposure in the corporate market, for example according to Andrews (1980) strategy can define various factors of an organization such as company policies, its range of business, its human and economic organization and its contribution to stakeholder. Johnson and Scholes (1999) cited strategy as a scope and direction of an organization over the long term period. To meet the proper need of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations, organisazation must utilize proper configuration of resources within a flexible environment to gain advantage. According to Grant (1995) corporate strategy deals with the ways in which a corporation manages a set of business together. By understanding the concepts of these authors and to identify the Strategic position of SAB it is must to analyze factors like business environment, core competencies, capabilities and stakeholder expectat ion, and these factors will be analyze by using PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis. SABMiller is a operating throughout the world and its networking is globalized if we compare its position in year 2007. It is having a good developed and mature market in many countries throughout the world, such as South Africa (Local market), Rest of Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe, USA and Western Europe, Latin America. Let us discuss different markets of SABMiller throughout the world. SABMiller is having a well known and traditional market in South Africa. SABMiller monopolized different industries. Sales show that the growth potential is very low but profit factor is still there as customers are trading up to the segments. AIDS is a huge threat for the company in terms of availability of work force and this will play a negative impact on the disposable income of the population which will affect SABMiller. The market in South Africa is under threat. The market in Rest of Africa is highly potential having volatile political landscape. Business in Rest of Africa is explore and presence in Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Angola and many on and still continue to grow, which is helped by clear segmentation strategy and by border distribution. These markets trade in soft currencies which is a very risky factor as seen in Botswana. By analyzing these markets in SABMiller portfolio the risk factor might lose confidence from stakeholders, as many core competences of SABMiller were developed in these markets. Markets in Asia and Eastern Europe show different characteristics like highly fragments, increasing disposable income and Due to these characteristics SABMiller gain an easy access to enter into these markets. While penetrating in Indian and Chinese market, SABMiller faced different problems like regulations and high competition but they are still exploring and expanding themselves in the markets like Vietnam. The markets in Western Europe and USA are very different to the once that SABMiller used to operate, as these are highly saturated and concentrated. Due to the perception made by stakeholders they traded too much using soft currencies. Miller started losing market quickly and SAB took an advantage over it and bring its own performance rating System to monitor employee. SABMiller perform very well in Latin American market. They were constantly doing their best in Latin American market. SABMiller put great efforts to take over Grupo Empresarial Bavaria and they have done it. PESTEL ANALYSIS: Ø POLITICAL:  · While dealing with government a great political sensitivity is needed.  · SABMiller faced problems in Regulation and Quality laws (e.g. Countries like India and China) for producing beer in large quantity and to gain economy of scale.  · Productivity got affected due to the political stability in certain countries like Botswana. Ø ECONOMIC:  · SABMiller got really hurt because of devaluation of soft currencies.  · Markets in India and China gave very low profit margin.  · A highly rising cost of energy and aluminum affects the profitability.  · Latin market of SABMiller increased from 25.2 to 52.1 % which make harder to get out money from the market.  · Development of Fragmented market facilitate easer takeover. Ø SOCIAL:  · SABMiller got adversely affected by new trends like wines and Spirits.  · Lifestyles in emerging markets have changed and beer consumption got increased due to the increase in the availability of disposable income.  · A devastating effect Ø TECHNOLOGICAL:  · Due to modern machinery, new packing can be easily introduced as evidenced in Czech.  · Easier to manage the ever broadening distribution network.  · A variation of beer got introduced in to the market. Ø ENVIRONMENTAL:  · SABMillers profitability adversely got affected due to weather condition in Latin American market in 2006. Ø LEGAL:  · Due to the local law, takeover attempts may generate problems. SWOT ANALYSIS: Ø STRENGTHS:  · Very strong in local market.  · Excellent portfolio and a large brand.  · High operational productivity.  · Different skills to succeed in developing markets.  · Economy scale is very high due to large market shares in some markets.  · Strong distribution channels and global networking. Ø WEAKNESS:  · Tendency of acquisitions.  · Dependability over the Soft currency.  · Expertise limited to the brewing industry only.  · Government acts as a key player, as main market are in highly volatile areas like Africa and Asia. Ø OPPORTUNITY:  · Strongly growth of emerging markets.  · It is easy for SABMiller to buy in to a market with the help of highly fragmented developing mark Ø THREATS:  · AIDS problem in South Africa.  · Constantly rising cost of energy and aluminium affects the SABMiller profitability.  · Strong competition in countries India and China.  · SABMiller got affected adversely due to the new trends like wines and spirits. STRATEGIC IMPLIMENTATION IN FUTURE: A current strategic position of SABMillers has provided information about opportunities and challenges which it face in its business environment but it does not match with stake holder expectations, core competences and market reality because of which a dilemma got generated for SABMiller. To get proper strategy implementation in future for SABMiller a tool Ansoff Matrix is used. There are different choices available to SABMiller. CONSOLIDATION: By holding firms in the developing market this strategy will focus on reducing market risk like Western Europe, USA and Africa. This does not give any importance to competences developed by the company by initiating risky moves. As the company is highly efficient it is easily feasible. But the main issue is acceptance of this strategy as stake holders would not be really happy with this choice. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: This is very flexible and aggressive strategy where by company can respond by developing new products to the market. Premium beer segment is rapidly growing, as company will get a good product opportunity. For most parts, this strategy will be a usual business strategy and will build on what company has been doing throughout the year. But the growth of future is balance without any guaranty as customers (Drinkers) can be fiercely loyal to their existing brand. Stake holders will surely accept this strategy as it is certainly feasible. MARKET DEVELOPMENT: A new market segment is called as market development. SABMiller is having an excellent reputation in the brewing industry and by using this strategy SABMiller can easily tap out its competitors. African market is having a high potential for expansion of SABMiller. But small factors like AIDS, political instability and soft currencies are worrying the stakeholders if SABMiller decided to expand in Africa. This strategy will give highly profitable in markets like Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America, as Miller gain success in Russian market by using this strategy. The problem which may occur will be of stakeholders expectation and which totally depends on market condition. JOINT VENTURE: This is the strategy which will be useful for the SABMiller in USA and Western European market. A joint venture with a major western brewer can bring to the table what SABMiller lacks (Penetration into competitive and saturated market). But the problem is of risk factor. As it is very risky business, opening up the developing markets to high profile competitor. DIVERSIFICATION: It is the least attractive strategy which SABMiller can use as an option. SABMiller is one of those companies which are having a true portfolio management. The implementation of synergy portfolio logic will be interested to see as it can work in favor of SABMiller by adding business to its portfolio which gives compliment and support to its core brewery business. ANSOFF MATRIX ANALYSIS: Ø MARKET PENETRATION:  · Introduction of SABMillers premium brands in the USA and Western European market. Ø MARKET DEVELOPMENT:  · Global expansion, particularly in developed and saturated market.  · New breweries in countries like Indian, Chinese and Vietnam.  · Development in border distribution channels in Africa. Ø PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT:  · Rapid growth of premium segment offers product development opportunity to SABMiller. Ø DIVERSIFICATION:  · SABMiller is already having true portfolio of hotels, gambling centers and a match factory. CONCLUSION: From the past history SABMiller has shown a core competency in developing strategies and environmental scanning. The failure of penetrating in the saturated market and to defend its market from emerging competitors must be a challenging task for SABMiller. In future SABMiller have to face tough competition from its rivals. The key to SABMillers success will be a proper implementation of strategy and its brand portfolio. REFERENCES:  · Andrews, K.R. (1965), The concept of corporate strategy, New York: Dow Jones-Irwin.  · Grant, R.M (1995) Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 2nd edition, Basil Blackwell: Oxford  · Johnson, G and Scholes, K (1999) Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and cause (5th edn). Harlow: Person Education.  · www.sabmiller.com https://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=180 (Accessed: 17/12/2009)  · https://www.sabmiller.com/index.asp?pageid=27 (Accessed: 17/12/2009) BIBLOGRAPHY:  · Anderson, Robert, and John Willman, SAB Buys Czech Republics Largest Brewer,Financial Times,October 8, 1999, p. 23.  · Andrews, K.R. (1965), The concept of corporate strategy  · Ansoff, H.I. (1965), Corporate strategy: an analytic approach to business policy for growth and expansion, London: McGraw-Hill.  · Bobinski, Christopher, and Roderick Oram, South African Breweries in Polish Acquisition,Financial Times, 1996.  · Grant, R.M (1995) Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 2nd edition, Basil Blackwell: Oxford  · Johnson, G and Scholes, K (1999) Exploring Corporate Strategy.  · Martin, Peter, Selling Old Beer in New Bottles,Financial Times, 2002.  · Pringle, David, Miller Deal Brings Stability to SAB,Wall Street Journal, 2002.  · Simon, Bernard, An Old School Brewer for Miller,New York Times, 2003.  · â€Å"Trouble Brewing for the ANC,Economist, 1994.  · Willman, John, and Robert Anderson, SAB Is Prepared for More Beer and Scuffles, Financial Times, 1999.  · www.sabmiller.com.

Achilles Slaughtered The Great Trojan Hero Essay - 1271 Words

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Hunting Is Not A Fair Thing - 1672 Words

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Medicine and Ayurveda Free Essays

Ayurveda  (Sanskrit:   ;  Ayurveda, â€Å"the knowledge for long life†;  /? a?.? r? ve? d? /[2]) or  ayurvedic medicine  is a Hindu system of  traditional medicine native to  India  and a form of  alternative medicine. The earliest literature on Indian medical practice appeared during the  Vedic period  in India,[3]  i. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicine and Ayurveda or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. , in the mid-second millennium BCE. The  Susruta Sa? hita  and the  Charaka Sa? hita, encyclopedias of medicine compiled from various sources from the mid-first millennium BCE to about 500 CE,[4]  are among the foundational works of Ayurveda. Over the following centuries, ayurvedic practitioners developed a number of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for the treatment of various ailments. [5]  Current practices derived (or reportedly derived) from Ayurvedic medicine are regarded as part of  complementary and alternative medicine. [6] Safety concerns have been raised about Ayurveda, with two U. S. studies finding about 20 percent of Ayurvedic Indian-manufactured  patent medicines contained toxic levels of heavy metals such as  lead,  mercury  and  arsenic. Other concerns include the use of herbs containing toxic compounds and the lack of quality control in Ayurvedic facilities. At an early period[when? ], Ayurveda adopted the physics of the â€Å"five  elements† (Devanagari: [ ] ); earth (P? thvi), water (Jala), fire (Agni), air (Vayu) and space (Akasa) that compose the  universe, including the human body. [9]  Ayurveda describes seven types of tissues of the body, known as thesaptadhatu  (Devanagari: ). They are plasma (rasa dhatu), blood (rakta dhatu),  flesh  (ma? a dhatu), adipose (medha dhatu),  bone  (asthi dhatu),marrow  and nervous (majja dhatu), and reproductive (semen  or  female reproductive tissue) (sukra dhatu). [10]  Ayurvedic literature deals elaborately with measures of healthful living during the entire span of life and its various phases. Ayurveda stresses a balance of three elemental energies or  humors:Vayu / vata  (air space – â€Å"wind†),  pitta  (fire wate r – â€Å"bile†) and  kapha  (water earth – â€Å"phlegm†). According to ayurvedic medical theory, these three substances —  do? as (Devanagari: —are important for health, because when they exist in equal quantities, the body will be healthy, and when they are not in equal amounts, the body will be unhealthy in various ways. One ayurvedic theory asserts that each human possesses a unique combination of  do? as  that define that person’s temperament and characteristics. Another view, also present in the ancient literature, asserts that humoral equality is identical to health, and that persons with preponderances of humours are proportionately unhealthy, and that this is not their natural temperament. In ayurveda, unlike the Sa? khya philosophical system, there are 20 fundamental qualities,  gu? a  (Devanagari: , meaning qualities) inherent in all substances. [11]  While surgery and surgical instruments were employed from a very early period, Ayurvedic theory asserts that building a healthy metabolic system, attaining good  digestion, and proper  excretion  lead to vitality. [11]  Ayurveda also focuses on exercise,  yoga, and  meditation. [12] The practice of  panchakarma  (Devanagari: is a therapeutic way of eliminating toxic elements from the body. [13] As early as the  Mahabharata, ayurveda was called â€Å"the science of eight components† (Skt. a a? ga,  Devanagari: ), a classification that became canonical for ayurveda. They are:[14] 1. Internal medicine  (Kaya-cikitsa) 2. Paediatrics  (Kaumarabh? tyam) 3. Surgery  (Salya-cikitsa) 4. Opthalmology  and  ENT  (Salakya tantra) 5. Psychiatry  has been called  Bhuta vidya  . [3 ] 6. Toxicology  (Agadatantram) 7. Prevention of diseases and improving  immunity  and  rejuvenation  (rasayana) 8. Aphrodisiacs  and improving health of progeny (Vajikaranam) In Hindu mythology, the origin of ayurvedic medicine is attributed to  Dhanvantari, the physician of the gods. [15] ————————————————- Practices Several philosophers in India combined religion and traditional medicine—notable examples being that of  Hinduism  and ayurveda. Shown in the image is the philosopher  Nagarjuna—known chiefly for his doctrine of the  Madhyamaka  (middle path)—who wrote medical works  The Hundred Prescriptions  and  The Precious Collection, among others. [16] [edit]Balance Hinduism  and  Buddhism  have been an influence on the development of many of ayurveda’s central ideas – particularly its fascination with balance, known in Buddhism as  Madhyathmaka  (Devanagari: ). [17]  Balance is emphasized; suppressing natural urges is seen to be unhealthy, and doing so claimed to lead to illness. [17]  However, people are cautioned to stay within the limits of reasonable balance and measure. [17]  For example, emphasis is placed on moderation of food intake,[9]  sleep, sexual intercourse. [17] [edit]Diagnosis Ayurvedic practitioners approach diagnosis by using all five senses. 18]  Hearing is used to observe the condition of breathing and speech. [10]  The study of the lethal points or  marman marma  is of special importance. [11]  Ayurvedic doctors regard physical and mental existence together with personality as a unit, each element having the capacity to influence the others. One of the fundamental aspects of ayurve dic medicine is to take this into account during diagnosis and therapy. [edit]Hygiene Hygiene  is a central practice of ayurvedic medicine. Hygienic living involves regular bathing, cleansing of teeth, skin care, and eye washing. 10] [edit]Treatments Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments. Hundreds of plant-based medicines are employed, including  cardamom  and cinnamon. Some animal products may also be used, for example milk,  bones, and  gallstones. In addition, fats are used both for consumption and for external use. Minerals, including  sulfur,  arsenic, lead,  copper sulfate  and gold are also consumed as prescribed. [10]  This practice of adding minerals to herbal medicine is known as  rasa shastra. In some cases, alcohol was used as a  narcotic  for the patient undergoing an operation. The advent of Islam introduced  opium  as a narcotic. [14]  Both oil and tar were used to stop bleeding. [10]  Traumatic bleeding was said to be stopped by four different methods:  ligation  of the  blood vessel;  cauterisation by heat; using different herbal or animal preparations locally which could facilitate  clotting; and different medical preparations which could  constrict  the bleeding or oozing vessels. Various oils could be used in a number of ways, including regular consumption as a part of food, anointing, smearing,  head massage, and prescribed application to infected areas. 19][page  needed] [edit]Srotas Ensuring the proper functions of channels (srotas) that transport fluids from one point to another is a vital goal of ayurvedic medicine, because the lack of healthy srotas is thought to cause  rheumatism,  epilepsy,  autism,  paralysis,  convulsions, and  insanity. Practitioners induce sweating and prescribe steam-based treatments as a means to open up the channels and dilute the  do? as[clarification needed]  that cause the blockages and lead to disease. [20] ————————————————- [edit]History One view of the early history of ayurveda asserts that around 1500  BC, ayurveda’s fundamental and applied principles got organized and enunciated. In this historical construction, Ayurveda traces its origins to the  Vedas,  Atharvaveda  in particular, and is connected to Hindu religion. Atharvaveda  (one of the four most ancient books of Indian knowledge, wisdom and culture) contains 114 hymns or formulations for the treatment of diseases. Ayurveda originated in and developed from these hymns. In this sense, ayurveda is considered by some to have divine origin. Indian medicine has a long history, and is one of the oldest organised systems of medicine. Its earliest concepts are set out in the sacred writings called the Vedas, especially in the metrical passages of the  Atharvaveda, which may possibly date as far back as the 2nd millennium BC. According to a later writer, the system of medicine was received by  Dhanvantari  from  Brahma, and Dhanvantari was deified as the god of medicine. In later times his status was gradually reduced, until he was credited with having been an earthly king[10]  named  Divodasa. 22] Underwood ; Rhodes (2008) hold that this early phase of traditional Indian medicine identified â€Å"fever (takman), cough,  consumption, diarrhea,  dropsy,  abscesses,  seizures, tumours, and skin diseases (including  leprosy)†. [10]  Treatment of complex ailments, including  angina pectoris,  diabetes,  hypertension, and  stones, also ensued during this period. [5][24]  Plastic surgery,  couching  (a form of cataract surgery), puncturing to release fluids in the  abdomen, extraction of foreign elements, treatment of  anal fistulas, treating fractures,  amputations,  cesarean sections, and stitching of wounds were known. 10]  The use of herbs and surgical instruments became widespread. [10]  The  Charaka Samhita  text is arguably the principal classic reference. It gives emphasis to the triune nature of each person: body care, mental regulation, and spiritual/consciousness refinement. Other early works of ayurveda include the  Charaka Samhita, attributed to  Charaka. [10]  The earliest surviving excavated written material which contains references to the works of Sushruta is the  Bower Manuscript, dated to the 6th century  AD. The Bower manuscript is of special interest to historians due to the presence of Indian medicine and its concepts in Central Asia. 25]  Vagbhata, the son of a senior doctor by the name of Simhagupta,[26]  also compiled his works on traditional medicine. [10]  Early ayurveda had a school of physicians and a school of surgeons. [3]  Tradition holds that the text  Agnivesh tantra, written by the sage Agnivesh, a student of the sage  Bharadwaja, influenced the writings of ayurveda. [27] The Chinese pilgrim  Fa Hsien  (ca. 337–422 AD) wrote about the health care system of the  Gupta empire  (320–550) and described the institutional approach of Indian medicine, also visible in the works of Charaka, who mentions a clinic and how it should be equipped. 28]  Madhava (fl. 700), Sarngadhara (fl. 1300), and Bhavamisra (fl. 1500) compiled works on Indian medicine. [25]  The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were translated into the  Arabic language  during the  Abbasid Caliphate  (ca. 750). [29]  These Arabic works made their way into Europe via intermediaries. [29]  InItaly, the Branca family of  Sicily  and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) beca me familiar with the techniques of Sushruta. [29] British physicians traveled to India to see  rhinoplasty  being performed by native methods. 30]  Reports on Indian rhinoplasty were published in the  Gentleman’s Magazine  in 1794. [30]  Joseph Constantine Carpue  spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods. [30]  Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the western world in 1815. [31]  Instruments described in the  Sushruta Samhita  were further modified in the Western World. [31] ————————————————- [edit]Current status [edit]India According to some sources up to 80 percent of people in India use some form of traditional medicines, a category which includes Ayurveda. 32] In 1970, the Indian Medical Central Council Act which aims to standardize qualifications for ayurveda and provide accredited institutions for it s study and research was passed by the  Parliament of India. [33]  In India, over 100 colleges offer degrees in traditional ayurvedic medicine. [12]  The Indian government supports research and teaching in ayurveda through many channels at both the national and state levels, and helps institutionalize traditional medicine so that it can be studied in major towns and cities. [34]  The state-sponsored  Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences  (CCRAS) has been set up to research the subject. 35]  To fight  biopiracy  and unethical patents, the  Government of India, in 2001, set up the  Traditional Knowledge Digital Libraryas repository of 1200 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as ayurveda,  unani  and  siddha. [36][37]  The library also has 50 traditional ayurveda books digitized and available online. [38] Central Council of Indian Medicine  (CCIM) a statutory body established in 1971, under  Department of Ayurveda, Yo ga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy  (AYUSH),  Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,  Government of India, monitors higher education in ayurveda. 39]  Many clinics in urban and rural areas are run by professionals who qualify from these institutes. [33] [edit]Sri Lanka The Sri Lankan tradition of Ayurveda is very similar to the Indian tradition. Practitioners of Ayurveda in Sri Lanka refer to texts on the subject written in  Sanskrit, which are common to both countries. However, they do differ in some aspects, particularly in the herbs used. The Sri Lankan government has established a Ministry of Indigenous Medicine (established in 1980) to revive and regulate the practice within the country[40]  The Institute of Indigenous Medicine (affiliated to the  University of Colombo  currently ffers undergraduate, postgraduate, and MD degrees in the practice of Ayurveda Medicine and Surgery, and similar degrees in  unani  medicine. [41] There are currently 62 Ayurvedic Hospitals and 208 central dispensaries in the public system, and they served almost 3 million people (approximately 11 percent of Sri Lanka’s total population) in 2010. In total there are currently approximately 20,000 registered practitioners of Ayurveda in the country. [42][43] Many Sri Lankan hotels and resorts offer Ayurveda themed packages, where guests are treated to a wide array of Ayurveda treatments during their stay. edit]Outside South Asia Due to different laws and medical regulations in the rest of the world, the unregulated practice and commercialization of ayurvedic medicine has raised ethical and legal issues; in some cases, this damages the reputation of ayurvedic medicine outside India. [44][45][46] ————————————————- [edit]Scientific appraisal In studies in mice, the leaves ofTerminalia arjuna  have been shown to have analgesic and an ti-inflammatory properties. [47] As a  traditional medicine, many ayurveda products have not been tested in rigorous scientific studies and  clinical trials. In India, research in ayurveda is undertaken by the statutory body of the  Central Government, the  Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha  (CCRAS), through a national network of research institutes. [48]  A systematic review of ayurveda treatments for rheumatoid  arthritis  concluded that there was insufficient evidence, as most of the trials were not done properly, and the one high-quality trial showed no benefits. [49]  A review of ayurveda and  cardiovascular diseaseconcluded that the evidence for ayurveda was not convincing, though some herbs seemed promising. 50] Two varieties of  Salvia  have been tested in small trials; one trial provided evidence that  Salvia lavandulifolia  (Spanish sage) may improve word recall in young adults,[51]  and another provided evidence that  Salvia officinalis  (Common sage) may improve symptoms in  Alzheimer’s  patients. [52]  Many plants used as  rasayana  (rejuvenation) medications ar e potent antioxidants. [53]  Neem  appears to have beneficial pharmacological properties. [54] ————————————————- [edit]Safety Rasa shastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbs, may have toxic heavy metals such as  lead,  mercury  and  arsenic. 7]  Adverse reactions to herbs due to their pharmacology are described in traditional ayurvedic texts, but ayurvedic practitioners are reluctant to admit that herbs could be toxic and that reliable information on herbal toxicity is not readily available. And there is communication gap between modern medicine practitioners and Ayurvedic practitioners[55] According to a 1990 study on ayurvedic medicines in India, 41 percent of the products tested contained arsenic, and 64 percent contained lead and mercury. 32]  A 2004 study found toxic levels of heavy metals in 20 percent of ayurvedic preparations made in South Asia and sold in the Boston area, and concluded that ayurvedic products posed serious health risks and should be tested for heavy-metal contamination. [56]  A 2008 study of more than 230 products found that approximately 20 percent of remedies (and 40 percent of  rasa shastra  medicines) purchased over the Internet from both US and Indian suppliers contained lead, mercury or arsenic. 7][57][58]  In 2012 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Washington states in its report that Ayurvedic drugs has links to lead poisoning on the basis of some cases presented where some pregnant woman had taken Ayurvedic drugs toxic materials were found in their blood. [59] Ayurvedic proponents believe that the toxicity of these materials is reduced through purification processes such as  samskaras  or  shodhanas  (for metals), similar to the Chinese  pao zhi, although the ayurvedic technique is more complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharma cy techniques. However, these products have nonetheless caused severe  lead poisoning  and other toxic effects. [7][57] Due to these concerns, the Government of India ruled that ayurvedic products must specify their metallic content directly on the labels of the product,[8]  but, writing on the subject for  Current Science, a publication of the  Indian Academy of Sciences, M. S. Valiathan noted that â€Å"the absence of post-market surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory facilities [in India] make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly difficult at this time. [8] Ayurveda can be defined as a system, which uses the inherent principles of nature, to help maintain health in a person by keeping the individual’s body, mind and spirit in perfect equilibrium with nature. What is the Origin of Ayurveda? : Widely regarded as the oldest form of healthcare in the world, Ayurveda is an intricate medical system that originated in India thousands of years ago. The fundamentals of Ayurveda can be found in Hindu scriptures called the  Vedas  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the ancient Indian books of wisdom. The  Rig Veda, which was written over 6,000 years ago, contains a series of prescriptions that can help humans overcome various ailments. What does Ayurveda do to you? : The aim of this system is to prevent illness, heal the sick and preserve life. This can be summed up as follows: * To protect health and prolong life (â€Å"Swasthyas swasthya rakshanam†) * To eliminate diseases and dysfunctions of the body (â€Å"Aturasya vikar prashamanamcha†) What are the Basic Principles of Ayurveda? : Ayurveda is based on the premise that the universe is made up of five elements: air, fire, water, earth and ether. These elements are represented in humans by three â€Å"doshas†, or energies:  Vata, Pitta  and  Kapha. When any of the  doshas  accumulate in the body beyond the desirable limit, the body loses its balance. Every individual has a distinct balance, and our health and well-being depend on getting a right balance of the three  doshas  (â€Å"tridoshas†). Ayurveda suggests specific lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to help individuals reduce the excess  dosha. A healthy person, as defined in  Sushrut Samhita,  one of the primary works on Ayurveda, is â€Å"he whose  doshas  are in balance, appetite is good, all tissues of the body and all natural urges are functioning properly, and whose mind, body and spirit are cheerful†¦ What is ‘Tridosha’ or the Theory of Bio-energies? : The three  doshas, or bio-energies found in our body are: * Vata  pertains to air and ether elements. This energy is generally seen as the force, which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration, and elimination. * Kapha  pertains to water and earth elements. Kapha  is responsible for growth and protection. The mucousal lining of the stomach, and the cerebral-spinal fluid that protects the brain and spinal column are examples of  kapha. * Pitta  pertains to fire and water elements. This  dosha  governs metabolism, e. g. , the transformation of foods into nutrients. Pitta  is also responsible for metabolism in the organ and tissue systems. What is ‘Panchakarma’ or the Therapy of Purification? : If toxins in the body are abundant, then a cleansing process known as  panchakarma  is recommended to purge these unwanted toxins. This fivefold purification therapy is a classical form of treatment in ayurveda. These specialized procedures consist of the following: * Therapeutic vomiting or emesis (Vaman) * Purgation (Virechan) Enema (Basti) * Elimination of toxins through the nose (Nasya) * Bloodletting or detoxification of the blood (Rakta moksha) The roots of ayurveda| | | | Ayurveda,the oldest system of medicine in the world, traces its roots to the Vedic period in ancient India. The  Vedas  contain practical and scientific information on various subjects beneficial to the humanity like health, philosophy, engineering, astrology etc. Vedic Brahmans  were not only priests performing religious rites and ceremonies, they also became the  Vaidyas (Ayurvedic Physicians). The Sage- Physician- Surgeons of that time were the same sages or seers, deeply devoted holy people , who saw health as an integral part of spiritual life. It is said, that they received their training of  Ayurveda  through direct cognition during meditation. In other words, the knowledge of the use of various methods of healing, prevention, longevity and surgery came through Divine revelation . These revelations were transcribed from the oral tradition into book form, interspersed with the other aspects of life. | | |   |   | | | Consequently  Ayurveda  grew into a respected and widely used system of healing in India. Around CA. 1500 Before. Common era. Ayurveda  was delineated into eight specific branches of medicine and there were two main schools –  Atreya, the school of physicians, and  Dhanvantari  , the school of surgeons. These two schools made  Ayurveda  a more scientifically verifiable and classifiable medical system. People from numerous countries came to Indian Ayurvedic schools to learn this medical science. They came from China, Tibet, Greece, Rome, Egypt ,Afghanistan, Persia etc. to learn the complete wisdom and bring it back to their own countries. Ayurvedic texts were translated in Arabic and   physicians such as Avicenna and Razi Sempion, who both quoted Ayurvedic texts , established Islamic Medicine. This medicine became popular in Europe and helped to form the foundation of the European tradition in medicine. In the 16th  Century Europe , Paracelsus , who is known as the father of modern Western medicine, practiced and propagated a system of medicine which borrowed heavily from  Ayurveda.. | | Principles of Ayurveda| | | | |   |   |   | | | Ayurveda  is a holistic healing science which comprises of two words,  Ayu  and  Veda. Ayu means life and  Vedameans knowledge or science. So the literal meaning of the word  Ayurveda  is the science of life. Ayurveda  is a science dealing not only with treatment of some diseases but is a complete way of life. Ayurveda  aims at making a happy, healthy and peaceful society. The two most important aims of  Ayurveda  are:   + To maintain the health of healthy people + To cure the diseases of sick peopleA Person is seen in  Ayurveda  as a unique individual made up of five primary elements. These elements are ether (space), air, fire,water and earth. Just as in nature, we too have these five elements in us. When any of these elements are imbalanced   in the environment , they will in turn have an influence on us. The foods we eat and the weather are just two examples of the influence of these elements . While we are a composite of these five primary elements, certain elements are seen to have an ability to combine to create various physiological functions. The elements combine with Ether and Air in dominence to form what is known in  Ayurveda  as  Vata Dosha. Vatagoverns the principle of movement and therefore can be seen as the force which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration and elemination etc. The elements with Fire and Water in dominence combine to form the  Pitta Dosha  . The  Pitta Dosha  is responsible for the process of transformation or metabolism. The transformation of foods into nutrients that our bodies can assimilate is an example of a Pitta function. Pitta  is also responsible for metabolism in the organ and tissue systems as well as cellular metabolism. Finally, it is predominantly the water and earth elements which combine to form the  Kapha Dosha. Kapha  is responsible for growth, adding structure unit by unit. It also offers protection , for example, in form of the cerebral-spinal fluid,which protects the brain and spinal column. The mucousal lining of the stomach is another example of the function of Kapha Dosha protecting the tissues. |   Ã‚  | | We are all made up of unique proportions of  Vata,Pitta and Kapha. These ratios of the Doshas vary in each individual and because of this  Ayurveda  sees each person as a special mixture that accounts for our diversity. Ayurveda  gives us a model to look at each individual as a unique makeup of the three doshas and to thereby design treatment protocols that specifically address a persons health challenges. When any of the doshas become accumulated,  Ayurveda  will suggest specific lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to assist the individual in reducing the dosha that has become excessive. Also herbal medicines will be suggested , to cure the imbalance and the disease. Understanding this main principle of  Ayurveda  , it offers us an explanation as to why one person responds differently to a treatment or diet than another and why persons with the same disease might yet require different treatments and medications. | | |      Ã‚  |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  |      Ã‚  Ã‚  | Other important basic principles of  Ayurveda  which are briefly mentioned here are: 1. Dhatus- These are the basic tissues which maintain and nourish the body. They are seven in number namely- rasa(chyle), raktha(blood), mamsa(muscles),meda(fatty tissue), asthi(bone), majja(marrow) and sukla(reprodutive tissue). Proper amount of each dhatu and their balanced function is very important for good health. 2. Mala- These are the waste materials produced as a result of various metabolic activities in the body. They are mainly urine, feaces, sweat etc. Proper elimination of the malas is equally important for good health. Accumulation of malas causes many diseases in the body. 3. Srotas- These are different types of channels which are responsible for transportation of food,  dhatus,malas  and  doshas. Proper functioning of  srotas  is necessary for transporting different materials to the site of their requirement. Blockage of  srotas  causes many diseases. 4. Agni- These are different types of enzymes responsible for digestion and transforming one material to another. All these factors should function in a proper balance for good health. They are inter-related and are directly or indirectly responsible for maintaining equilibrium of the tridoshas. Balance and Harmony of the Three Doshas When the three Doshas are well harmonised and function in a balanced manner, it results in good nourishment and well-being of the individual . But when there is imbalance or disharmony within or between them, it will result in elemental imbalance , leading to various kinds of ailments. The Ayurvedic concept of physical health revolves round these three Doshas and its primary purpose is to help maintain them in a balanced state and thus to prevent disease. This humoral theory is not unique to the ancient Indian Medicine : The Yin and Yang theory in chinese medicine and the Hippocratic theory of four humours in Greek medicine are also very similar. |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | | The Qualities of the Three Doshas The three Doshas possess qualities and their increase or decrease in the system depends upon the similar or antagonistic qualities of everything ingested. Vata  is : dry, cold, light, mobile, clear, rough, subtle Pitta  is : slightly oily, hot, intense, light, fluid,free flowing, foul smelling. Kapha  is: oily, cold, heavy, stable, viscid, smooth, soft Both  Vata  and  Pitta  are light and only Kapha is heavy. Both  Vata  and  Kapha  are cold and only Pitta is hot. Both  Pitta  and  Kapha  are moist and oily and only Vata is dry. |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | | Anything dry almost always increases  Vata  , anything hot increases  Pitta  and anything heavy ,  Kapha. Puffed rice is dry, cold light and rough – overindulgence in puffed rice therefore is likely to increase Vata in the overindulger. Mustard oil is oily , hot , intense , fluid , strong-smelling and liquid and increases Pitta in the consumer. Yoghurt , which , being creamy, cold, heavy, viscid, smooth and soft , is the very image of Kapha , adds to the body’s Kapha when eaten. All Five elemets , as expressed through  Vata, Pitta and Kapha  , are essential to life, working together to create health or produce disease. No one dosha can produce or sustain life – all three must work together , each in its own way. | | | PURIFICATION THERAPY| | | ‘Health is purity and disease is impurity So purification is the treatment. ’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (old Indian saying)| | | Purification therapy is a unique feature of  Ayurveda  by which the  complete cure and non recurrence of disease is made possible. The functional components (doshas, namely  vatha, pitha kapha  ) move all around the body through the channels of circulation to do the normal physiological activities. The disease is the result of imbalance in the quantity and quality of the doshas. During the disease process, the unbalanced doshas get lodged in the weak parts of the channels of circulation and produce the disease symptoms. If the channels of circulation are pure and healthy, even the aggravated doshas cannot locate anywhere and produce disease   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ayurveda  offers two measures in the management of a disease 😠 | | . Pacifying therapy  :-  in which the unbalanced  doshas  are pacified with in the body itself. As this therapy don’t cleanse the channels of circulation, there is the possibility of reprovocation when exposed to similar causative factors. This therapy is suited in conditions in which there is not much vitiation of the doshas. 2. Purification therapy  :-  It is aimed at the complete expulsion of the unbalanced  doshas  and the purification of the channels of circulation. As the channels are cleansed and strengthened by this process, the chance of recurrence is nil.   |   | Purification therapy can be implemented not only for curing diseases but to maintain health. No other systems of medicine can offer such an effective treatment measure. So we can proudly declare our superiority of Ayurveda to any other systems on account of its purification therapy. The purification otherwise called  Ã¢â‚¬ËœPancha karma therapy’  is    implemented in five ways. | | | 1. Enema therapy :-  It is best for vatha imbalance. 2. Purgation therapy :-  Best for pitha imbalance. 3. Emesis therapy :-  For kapha imbalance. 4. Nasal drops :-  For all diseases above the neck. 5. Blood letting :-  Best for removing blood impurities. | | |   |   | | Stages of the treatment|   | | First stage  :-  This includes the external and internal application oils followed with fomentation or sudation. By this the unbalanced doshas lodged in the weak parts of the channels are liquified and loosened. Main or second stage  :-  In this stage the loosened and liquified doshas are expelled out of the body by the appropriate purifactory procedure. Post therapy  :-  This includes the regimens to be practised after the purification. This is mainly intended to augment the digestive fire. | | How to cite Medicine and Ayurveda, Papers

A Name Not Associated With the Herd free essay sample

As I sit in the front seat of a fast-moving schoolvan, I take a deep breath and ask myself, What is truly unique about me? How doesthat individuality affect the world? With a full bladder, I stew over thissoul-searching I was aware instantly that I had been changed. My body wasparalyzed with excitement and my eyes frozen with amazement as I focused on theobjects in front of me. It is rare that an experience so powerful occursat age three, but my path in life was chosen before I could tie my own shoes. Myfirst jaunt to the theater is something that has affected my views and life ingeneral profoundly. Even at three I was a fan of performing, albeit onlyin front of my fireplace. By this time I was a seasoned musical aficionado,having worn out my Annie videotape. After approximately thenine-hundredth viewing of the lovable orphans story, it seemed time for a newshow. The theater gods obviously agreed, as they sent the musicalCATS to Boston at just the right time. Dressed in bright whitetights and shiny black shoes, I remember anxiously walking up the crowded stairsto the mezzanine. As my family and I filed into our first-row seats, I could feelthe excitement building. I recall leaning over the banister so far I nearly fellonto the unsuspecting patrons below. The atmosphere captivated me. I was inlove. The orchestra started playing and the lights dimmed until we sat indarkness. I watched attentively as one by one the cats came out and froze inuncomfortable looking positions. I was utterly amazed at how still they were.When all the actors had assembled on stage, the singing began, and for the nexttwo hours I was in a daze. I marveled over Jenny Anydots and her team oftap-dancing beetles. I oohed and ahhhed at Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazersacrobatic antics, and I thoroughly enjoyed the inventive train the cats madeduring Skimbleshanks. In three-year-old fashion, however, I longedfor Old Deuteronomys ballad to cease, and the more entertaining songs torecommence. As the actors took their bows, I cheered and clapped until thelast cat had left the stage. As the theater became illuminated and people beganto exit, I started to cry. I was entirely willing to stay for the next show, butmy family did not share my enthusiasm. After that there was no turningback. My first instinct was to join the cast of CATS. I would sit infront of my mirror in odd positions for what seemed hours in order to prepare formy stage debut. I outgrew my desire to be a cat, but never my desire to bein that world of cats, ballerinas and make-believe. Now that the curtain iscoming down on Scene One of my life, I can see how important theater has been.That first experience opened my eyes to the reality that this world is made up ofsmaller worlds, including my favorite, the world of theater. I will be forevergrateful to CATS for being my introduction to the arts, and Ianticipate greatness as I search for a room to rent in that world of theater Iknow I am destined to be a part of. question. Well, hablo espanol andspriche sie Deutsch. Then again, so do others in search of an InternationalBusiness Degree. Umm, I vociferously abide by the statement, Communityservice fills the soul. Yes, but thousands of other college-bound studentsalso put a high value on that platitude. Unique? I envision myself as ambitious,yet social. Others see me as responsible, but overloaded. Teachers view me aspolitical, though artsy. Perhaps I am compa rable to a Shredded MiniWheat sweet, rebellious on one side, and adult, whole-grain goodness on theother. My list of activities is not necessarily what defines me as an individual.The memories, lessons and interests from my involvements are, I believe, whatdefine me as one of a kind. Besides, who answers the question of Why am I unique?on a full bladder? It is a well-developed ability of mine to swim in theRiver of Activity. Student Council, National Forensic League, and National HonorSociety require the Butterfly stroke. Creative juices flow as I swim theFreestyle in One-Act Play and Speech Team. Math Team and Golf Team definitelythe Backstroke. This metaphor may make obvious the fact that I was once acompetitive swimmer, as well as the fact that I have a diverse range ofinterests. I love swimming with new and interesting fish. Sometimes, I join anactivity or attend a convention simply because I want to expand my horizons. Itmay sound trite, but my curiosity is the most genuine part of mypersonality. Tenth grade was my first year as Student CouncilRepresentative, and Stephanie (long-time friend and council member) and I share agreat memory as Salvation Army bell-ringers during the holiday season. Asspirited sophomores, we stood in the entrance of K-Mart and serenaded thecustomers. Our song list was pretty extensive; whatever jingle we didnt know thewords to, we remedied with an abundance of humming, Santa hats and smiles.Without any shame, I admit my singing voice is terrible. In fact, when I signedup for chorus this year, I was politely advised to take an art class. When Ithink back, I remember a few people who looked at us like we were off our sleigh.Maybe we were. However, the majority of shoppers enjoyed our gratis concert andmade generous contributions. Our nations capitalistic agenda sometimesconceals the true meaning of the holidays. Instead of friendship and family, weget wrapped up in this seasons Ticklish Thomas or Potty Polly. If ever I getmaterialistically concerned, I cant let myself forget that there are familieswho cant afford to buy a turkey for their holiday. Maybe my out-of-tune singingwont bring enough money to feed the world, but my hometown is a goodstart. It is always a compliment when my friends remind me, Nicole,you are a nerd. I plead guilty; a great deal of my life is consumed byacademic institutions class, homework, class, extracurricular activities,class, thinking time, class, breathing time you get the idea. The presence ofsocial skills may not make me the number-one nerd candidate; still, I strive tokeep up my studious reputation. In the summer, I extend my nerd network by makingnew friends at leadership seminars and business camp. When I miss a day ofschool, it is not to play hooky, but to play Senator Soboleski or adelegate at Model United Nations. Yes, I do sometimes live a life ofrebellion. My busy, yet structured, lifestyle has paved the way to mygoals and future plans. Thankfully, gifts of spontaneity and zany friends havehelped retain my sanity that has allowed for my dedication to projects for thebenefit of my peers. Last year, I wrote a speech about teenage suicide. It was mymeans to reach the public about the dangers of depression. With startlingstatistics, actual stories and methods of prevention, more teens are now aware ofyouth suicide. Through my time of trial, and in times of smooth sailing, I mustalways remember my role as a youth ambassador. In between all my futuregoals, I would also like to publish a book. I already have specific plans. Duringa summer break, I will join a carnival. The plan gets more complex. It will be mymission to infiltrate the world of kiddy rides and dart games to understand, at apersonal level, what it is like to be on the other side of the ticket booth.Despite the fact that people can be quick to judge carnival workers, I haverespect for them, and an interest in their lifestyle. I can visualize myselftouring the country and learning the secret language of the carnival. My goal isthat this best-selling novel, titled Tilt-A-Whirl Toils: An In-Depth Look At theWorld of the Carnival, will awaken people to the realization that we are allhuman beings. Not one person has the prerogative to talk down to anyoneelse. The memories I will carry through my life, my personality and mybizarre combination of future plans make me the individual I am. Even if myresume looks similar to other applicants, at the top is the name of a girl uniquefrom the herd, Nicole Breanne S.

Management Theory and Practice for Theory - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement Theory and Practice for Strategic Choice Theory. Answer: As opined by AM Vermeulen et al. (2016), the strategic choice theory of the organization determines the fact leaders play an important role in the organizations by making important choices in an environment, which is considered as a dynamic environment. This theory provided an alternative to the fact that the individuals are required to make particular choices in their tenure in the organization, that have a direct as well as indirect influence on the smooth functioning of the organization (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The strategic choices of the organization form an important part in the organizational learning process, which needs to adapt to the external environment as well as internal political condition of the organization. This theory focuses on the managers responses to the everyday disputes to the organization. There are several examples of strategic choices being made in the day to day functioning of the organizations (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The senior executi ves of the firm have strong influence on the decision-making process of the organization. The strategic choice theory considers the relevant forces present in the external environment of the firm that has a direct influence on the employee relationships (Whittington 2014). There has been a huge change in the external environment of the organizations that enforces the managers to adapt their business strategies. The various options are filtered and checked if they are consistent with the beliefs, values as well as philosophies of the organization. The managerial choices are embedded in the institutional as well as historical structures of the organization. The managers need to determine the strategic feasibility of the various options and check whether they are actually possible in the organizational context (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The strategic choices of the firm also depend on the organizational decisions as well as the current power distribution in the firm. The relatio nship nature between the government agencies, unions and external organizations also determines the nature of the strategic choices in the organization. The strategic choices of the organization are determined by the industrial relations processes as well as outcomes that are continuously evolving as well as responsive to the organizational responses (Burke 2017). The relative importance of the environmental factors as well as responses does vary over a consistent period of time, but they always have an impact on the organization. The labor or the market changes have an independent effect on the effect on the organizational choices (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The broader conception of the institutional framework relating to the various aspects of the industrial relations corresponds to the various activities of the management, government organizations and the labor (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The managers need to make effective strategic choices regarding the day to day affairs of the government. The middle level management needs to take care of the collective bargaining process in the organization, which would help in be tter decision-making of the firm (Foss and Hallberg 2016). The strategic choice theory helps in the determination of the inter-relationships between the different activities of the firm and maintains consistencies between all work levels. This theory focuses on the various levels of strategic decisions that influence the smooth functioning of the firm (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). There can be changes in the competitive environment of the firm that can also have a changing consumer demand, in which the managers need to take adequate organizational decisions (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). There can be a sharp increase in the competitive pressures of the firm and the various production processes of the firm. The strategic choice theory holds great importance for the various operational processes of the firm. The strengths of this theory are concerned with the fact that the organizations can have different kind of alternatives when they have to undertake crucial organizational decisions (Tokman, Richey and Deitz 2016). This kind of theory operates in the self-regulating as well as negative feedback pattern in which the organization is being able to achieve the organizational goals. The organizational analysis is often done to the macro level of the organization so that there is maximum micro-diversity. As commented by Cicmil et al. (2017), the deterministic theories of management focus on the relationship between the organizations and their external as well as internal environments. The different deterministic theories such as institutional theory, resource dependency theory or the different versions of the neo-institutional theory helps in explaining the fact those organizations are molded by various institutional environments (Floudas 2013). For example, the population ecology theory helps in the examination of the fact why the organizations are failing and why there are some organizations that succeed. This also explains the fact all the organizations are not exposed to the same factors and hence they have different growth patterns in the organization (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The institutional theories of the management emphasize on the fact the organizations need homogeneity, continuity and consent are important for the creation of informal as well as formal relations within the organizations (Geisler and Wickramasinghe 2015). Despite this fact, the organizations need to respond to the different institutional environment of the organization. The managers need to take care of the various factors in the institutional environment such as internal activities of the organization as well as the various activities of the external groups (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The managers need to focus on the grass roots democratic structure of the company management and various immediate effects. This is important for making important decisions for the firm (Murphy, Soroudi and Keane 2016). The managers need to abide by the various regulation, rules and norms so that there is effective team work (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). This would also help in the early acc omplishment of the organizational goals. This theory focuses on the fact that the organizational change is due to the coercive pressures from the various institutional environment (Dubey, Gunasekaran and Ali 2015). The institutional cooptation can occur through both formal as well as informal mechanisms. The formal cooptation may occur through the process, which would effectively solve the issues of absorbing new elements into the leadership process of the organization (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The strength of this theory lies in the fact that organizations can take part in their own functioning, which is often independent of the willpower of the managers. The population ecology theory emphasizes on the fact that there are certain factors which are relevant context due to which there are some organizations which fail and there are other organizations that succeed (Naveh and Lieberman 2013). This theory analyses the effect of population characteristics on the organizational outcomes. This theory specifies the fact that the organizations are usually determined by the level of their external environment. This theory specifies on the fact that the organizational functioning are determined by the external environment. The successful organizations are said to be best fitting in the environment while the opposite is true for the organizations which fail (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The organizations are said to be passing through several stages such as variation, selection and retention (Rockwood 2015). For example, the independent wine production can be related to the survival rates of the population. The variation stages of the organiz ation are dependent on the fact that the organizations try to implement various new processes within the population. This stage of the organization is characterized by the fact that the organization is made up of flexible and loose relations (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The organizations are said to be developed over tome and with time they become more tightly together and they are also adaptable to change (Merow et al. 2014). The selection process is considered as the process in which the organizations are being selected by the environment. This process favors the organizations which would be developing into solid organizational structures which become difficult to change over time (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The retention is considered as the stage in which the organizations with certain structures flourish while the others end. When the organizations reach this stage, then they are characterized by inflexible relationships (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The organiza tions face different kinds of constraints which limit them from changing their structures as well as adapt them to the external environment. In such cases, there is a considerable reduction in the individual organizational change as well as adaption. The strengths of the deterministic theory lies in the fact that the organizations can best utilize the positive trends of the external environment as well as internal organizational environment (Gibson 2014). This theory emphasizes the fact that the organizational outcomes are not dependant on the direct actions of the managers and instead they depend on the organizational environment. The organizational context is not only related to the situational factors in the outside environment, but the internal dynamics of the organization also affects the organizational actions (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). For example, if the organization witnesses the fact that there is an increase in the consumer demand for special brand of soft drinks, then the company would be automatically launching more products in this range. Conclusion The analysis of the above strategic choice theories of management as well as deterministic theories of the organization specializes in the fact that both these theories are applicable to different circumstances. There are instances when the organizations depend a lot on the strategic actions of the managers and there are cases when the organization needs to give least attention to the attention of the managers. There are situations in which the actions of the managers have ultimate effect on the smooth functioning of the organization. There are other instances when the managers have a limiting effect on the organizational outcomes. In these cases, there are a lot of contributing factors in the external environment, which affect the functioning of the firms. There are also institutional factors, which can be attributed to the internal factors that affect the organizational functioning. It can be concluded that depending on the situation, either of the two above theories can be impleme nted. References AM Vermeulen, P., Zietsma, C., Greenwood, R. and Langley, A., 2016. Strategic responses to institutional complexity.Strategic Organization,14(4), pp.277-286. Burke, W.W., 2017.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, L. and Richardson, K., 2017, April. Exploring the complexity of projects: Implications of complexity theory for project management practice. Project Management Institute. Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A. and Ali, S.S., 2015. Exploring the relationship between leadership, operational practices, institutional pressures and environmental performance: A framework for green supply chain.International Journal of Production Economics,160, pp.120-132. Floudas, C.A., 2013.Deterministic global optimization: theory, methods and applications(Vol. 37). Springer Science Business Media. Foss, N.J. and Hallberg, N.L., 2016. Changing assumptions and progressive change in theories of strategic organization.Strategic Organization, p.1476127016671099. Geisler, E. and Wickramasinghe, N., 2015.Principles of knowledge management: Theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Gibson, D.J., 2014.Methods in comparative plant population ecology. Oxford University Press. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Merow, C., Dahlgren, J.P., Metcalf, C.J.E., Childs, D.Z., Evans, M.E., Jongejans, E., Record, S., Rees, M., Salguero?Gmez, R. and McMahon, S.M., 2014. Advancing population ecology with integral projection models: a practical guide.Methods in Ecology and Evolution,5(2), pp.99-110. Murphy, C., Soroudi, A. and Keane, A., 2016. Information gap decision theory-based congestion and voltage management in the presence of uncertain wind power.IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,7(2), pp.841-849. Naveh, Z. and Lieberman, A.S., 2013.Landscape ecology: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Rockwood, L.L., 2015.Introduction to population ecology. John Wiley Sons. Tokman, M., Richey, R.G. and Deitz, G.D., 2016. A Strategic Choice Theory Taxonomy of Retailers Strategic Orientations.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,24(2), pp.186-208. Whittington, R., 2014.Corporate Strategies in Recession and Recovery (Routledge Revivals): Social Structure and Strategic Choice. Routledge.