An Individual s Experience Of Emotion And Perception Of...

Humans have existed on the earth for 200,000 years and have advanced culturally and technologically greatly over this time. Humanity has researched everything we can conceive, ranging from space travel, animals, chemicals, triangles and numbers to invisible particles. But the mystery that holds the greatest allure to psychologists is the human mind itself. Among the many facets of the human mind that psychologists study, personality and emotion are two of the most widely studied (citation). It has been found in studies that personality and an individual’s experience of emotion are THATWORD (they influence each other). This study aims to determine if an individual’s experience of emotion and perception of drug effect are related to one’s†¦show more content†¦The increased neural activity also leads to norepinephrine being released into the system, exciting the individual. Caffeine is reported to affect behavior and mood in several ways. It is most commonly considered and consumed as a â€Å"mild stimulant, helpful in temporarily relieving minor fatigue (Graham, 1978[Sawyer]). Caffeine has been shown to increase alertness, especially in situations of fatigue or low alertness (Smith, 2002). Caffeine has also been shown to delay fatigue from physical activity (dokoka). Caffeine in doses much higher than are normally consumed has been shown to cause acute anxiety (Smith 2002). However, the literature on caffeine’s arousing properties is conflicting, with most studies claiming that this effect is well documented (smith), while others report that the positive mood effects of caffeine are conditional (James). It has been suggested that caffeine restores performance only when it has been impaired by fatigue, or otherwise degraded (Goldstein et al. 1965; Dews 1982) (lieberman) and James (2005) claims that the majority of mood-enhancing effects of caffeine are merely caused by withdrawal-reversal. . Penetar claims that caffeine can reverse sleep deprivation effects and improve mood in sleep-deprived individuals. The general consensus, however, is that caffeine does indeed produce a feeling of alertness. An important aspect of any emotional response is the intensity or magnitude of said experienced emotion

A Comparative Look at the Japanese Healthcare System Free Essays

A Comparative Look at the Japanese Healthcare Systems The Japanese health care system is one of the most efficient in the world. In fact, it is so efficient that the people of Japan have the highest life expectancy rate of any other country in the world (The Economist, 2011). Life expectancy at birth was 83 years in 2009 ; 79. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparative Look at the Japanese Healthcare System or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6 for males and 86. 4 years for females (Wikipedia, 2012). The Japanese government has been able to accomplish this through strict regulations and policies. Although this system has worked for the people of Japan since its institution in 1961, heir healthcare system is now facing financial ruins if changes are not implemented in the near future. It is my intent to explore why the Japanese health system has been able to function in a cost effective way and how it affects health outcomes. Japan has a universal health system called kaihoken (The Economist, 2011). Citizens are required to get insurance. Most people get it through their employers and are responsible for paying10%, 20%, or 30% of their healthcare costs depending on their family size and income. The government covers the difference (Wikipedia, 2012). If a itizen cannot get coverage through an employer then they have the option of participating in a national health insurance program that is managed by the local government (Wikipedia, 2012). Japanese citizens are free to go to any physician or healthcare facility that they want and cannot be denied treatment (Wikipedia, 2012). Because of this freedom, Japanese citizens visit the doctor four times more than the average American does in a year (Wikipedia, 2012). Japan has strict regulations on the healthcare system that allows them to keep their costs down. Japan has about the owest per capita health care costs among the advanced nations of the world, at around $2,873 (Arnquist, 2009). They are able to do this for many reasons. The first being they set a fixed price for services and medications with physicians every two years. This way there is no question about what their compensation will be (Harden, 2009). Also, administrative costs are four times lower than they are in the United States, partly because insurance companies cannot set rates for treatment or deny claims. It is against the law for them to make profits or advertise to attract low-risk, igh-profit clients (Harden, 2009). The downside to all of this is physicians in Japan are overworked and underpaid, making an average of about $125,000 by the time they are midway into their careers (The Economist, 2011). There is evidence that physicians and hospitals compensate for minimal reimbursement rates by providing more services. This is acceptable because the fee-for-service system does not limit the supply ot care comprehensively. Japan’s physicians oversee almost three times as many consultations a year as their colleagues in other developed countries do. There s also a shortage of physicians within Japan, especially those who practice specialty medicine. In Japan, physicians who practice primary care makes more money than their colleagues who practice highly specialized care (Arnquist, 2009). This is the complete opposite from American doctors. Some other issues that the Japanese healthcare system faces are an aging population and an overutilization of services. As stated earlier, Japan has the highest life expectancy rate in the world. This also means that the government will have to take care of more of their citizens’ medical eeds for an extended period of time. It is estimated that by 2050 two-fifths of the population will be over the age of 65 (The Economist, 2011). With an aging population and low birth rates, this puts a substantial strain on government spending. Another problem that Japan faces is an overutilization of services. By this I mean citizens are much more likely to go see a physician for minor illnesses because there are no restrictions on which they can see at any time, without proof of medical necessity and with full insurance coverage (Henke et. al. , 2009). Since everyone has access to edical care, long wait times in physician offices and overcrowding in emergency rooms are commonplace. A report has shown that more than 14,000 emergency patients were rejected at least three times by hospitals in Japan before getting treatment (Wikipedia, 2012). The average length of a hospital stay is two to three times as long in Japan as in other developed countries (Henke et. al. , 2009). In contrast, the U. S. has a lower life expectancy than Japan at 78. 7 years (CDC, 2010). This is in large part to our high obesity rates and unhealthy lifestyles. The older population, those persons aged 65 years and older, makes up about 12. % of the U. S. population (AOA, 2013). Both Japan and the U. S. have seen declines in their birthrates. But unlike Japan, Americans are less likely to seek medical care for minor ailments such as the Japanese. This is due to the fact that a large number of Americans have little to none insurance coverage. Those that do have coverage often have copays. Another vast difference between the two healthcare systems is the insurance regulations that many Americans encounter. It is not an uncommon practice for insurance companies to deny patients claims and not cover certain medical treatment. The patients are then forced to appeal the claim, pay out of pocket, or simply do without the treatment that they needed. One would think that because the Japanese have so much access to health services that their health outcomes would be above average. This is not always the case. The physician shortage means long wait times and shorter consultations. Those that have complicated medical cases often do not get the proper amount of medical attention (The Economist, 2011). The Japanese are only a quarter as likely as Americans to suffer a heart attack, but twice as likely to die if they do (The Economist, 2011). An oversaturation of hospitals also affects health outcomes. Research has shown that health outcomes are better when the centers and physicians responsible for procedures perform large quantities of them. Because Japan has so many hospitals, very few are able to achieve this (Henke et. al. , 2009). The small scale of most Japanese hospitals also means that they are inadequately equipped with intensive- care and other specialized units. Very few Japanese hospitals have oncology units. Theretore, a number ot ditterent departments in each hospi tal deliver care tor cancer Henke et. l. , 2009). In the U. S. physicians and nurse are required are certain number of Continuing Education hours every few years in order to renew their license. This helps them stay current with medical practices and sharpens their skills. In Japan, once a doctor or nurse is licensed, they are no longer required to further their education. There is no central agency oversees the quality of these physiciansâ€℠¢ training nor are there criteria for board certification in specialties (Henke et. al. , 2009). Despite some flaws, the Japanese healthcare system is able to do many hings well. For one, the Japanese system is quite proficient in chronic care, particularly due to the fact that it has so many older people. Along with appropriate medical care, Japan also provides long-term care to all older people who need it through a public insurance system that started in 2000 (Henke et. al. , 2009). In Japan, a person’s income does not influence the quantity and quality of medical care that they receive. Premiums and out-of-pocket costs are minor concerns for most people, and those whom have a low-income and the elderly receive subsidies to afford care Arnquist, 2009). How to cite A Comparative Look at the Japanese Healthcare System, Papers

Auditing Practice Tender Document

Question: Discuss about theAuditing Practice for Tender Document. Answer: Report for Tender Document Introduction An audit can be defined as an official inspection of accounts of business by an independent audit firm or individual. An audit can be external or internal based on the requirements and statutory compliance of business. In accordance with the given case situation, Barry and Betty planning for conversion of partnership business into a corporate entity. Legal provisions for both these business formats is different in Australia. By considering this factor, Barry and Betty are required to comply norms of company law for operating B B Co. Ltd. Furthermore, the statement given by Jane is accurate that financial statements are required to be audited every year. All the shareholders are agreed to this but they require certain clarifications for the same. The present study is focused on the description of norms related to assisting shareholders of B B Co. Ltd by considering audit provisions in Australia. Significance of Audit The major objective of the audit is to provide a neutral opinion of true and fair view of financial statements of the company. This expression of opinion is provided by considering auditing principles and Companies Act of Australia. This process is essential to winning the trust of stakeholders by providing them assurance that information provided in the financial statement is reliable and accurate (Dedman, Kausar Lennox, 2014). With audit procedure, company get to know about deficiencies and scope of improvement in internal management control. On the basis of this factor, they will be able to prevent the risk of material misstatement causing fraud or error. By making use audited financial statement, stakeholders will be able to make right decisions. B B Co. Ltd is planning for expansion and for which they will require funds by public and financial institutions. Further, for this process they have the mandatory obligation of conducting an annual audit by appointing an independent a uditor (Christensen, Kent Stewart, 2010). Issues Raised by Shareholders What the audit would involve? The audit is significant for corporate entity because it provides reasonable assurance that financial statements of company are free from material statements. However, it do not provide any guarantee regarding non-existence of fraud and error. An audit can be defined as a standard framework which checks accounting is done in an accurate manner or not. Main aspects involved in audit are enumerated as below: Inspection of financial statements Compliance of regulatory norms Checking of internal control Other activities as per requirements of business Generally auditor visits three times for audit one during financial years, second for stock verification and third when accounts are completed. Further, On the basis of financial information of the company, auditors assist in computing tax liability to be paid by the company in a financial year. For this purpose, they look at client records and observe procedure to have discussion with management. In addition to this, an internal controls are observed to provide recommendations for improvement. Who Could be the Auditor? In accordance with the Sec324AA Corporations Act, a natural person or firm or audit company is entitled to make an application for the post of the auditor if they meet criteria cited by ASIC. For this aspect, they must be member of CPA or CAANZ. In addition to this, an individual must satisfy experience and identification requirements (Christensen, Kent Stewart, 2010). For this purpose, they must be practitioner either on individual basis or firm basis offering audit services to the public. In accordance with the Certification Candidate Handbook, minimum experience must be 24 months but in the case where the individual is having a post-secondary degree then training of 12 months is also sufficient. Would it be Wise to Allow a Third Party (the auditor) access to their Confidential Business Information? In accordance with the Guidance Statement ASA 230 Third Party Access to Audit Working Papers, the auditor has a legal obligation to not make use of confidential business information in an ethical manner in order to earn an undue advantage (Arens, 2002). In the situation, where they are found guilty of the same they will be obliged to pay heavy penalties and in the case of severe offence their certification is relinquished (A guide to understanding auditing and assurance: listed companies, 2014). This factor shows that legislation of Australia had made the justified process to maintain the confidentiality of the business. By considering this fact, a third party (the auditor) can be allowed to access their confidential business information as if they act contradict to ethical code they will be penalised with severe charges. What if They do not have the Accounts Audited? Financial statements of a company are mandatory to be audited in Australia as per 327A of Corporations Act 2001. Furthermore S45A (3) states that if assets and revenue are more than $12.5Million and $50 million respectively then audit is mandatory unless relief is provided by ASIC. It is because; various stakeholders make their decisions by considering these statements (Gay Simnett 2010). In a situation where financial statements of a company are not audited, they will not be allowed for public trading. However, in accordance with CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 301, in a situation where B B Co. Ltd is covered under provisions of Section 293 then they are not required to get their accounts audited. Although, the company will face difficulty in raising funds as financial institutions do not consider financial accounts if they are not certified by qualified practitioners. Thus, they are recommended to appoint an auditor for auditing of financial statements. Appointed auditor will also a ssist them in developing better strategies for enhancement of profitability along with controlled management. Can Jane do the Audit Herself? By considering guidance provided by CPA Australia, Jane is not eligible to become the auditor of the company. It is because she does not have a relevant qualification. Moreover, she holds major shareholding due to which she is not able to comply qualification of the independent auditor (Arens, 2007). Her appointment is contradictory to ASA 290 i.e. independence of mind and appreance. In accordance with Sec 324(CD (2)) shareholder/staff/related party cannot become auditor. Companies Act of Australia auditor must not be relative to management as opinion provided them will be biased and due to which decisions of shareholders will be adversely affected (A guide to understanding auditing and assurance: listed companies, 2014). Why Should they consider the Particular Firm to Undertake the Audit? By appointing our auditor firm, B B Co. Ltd will be able to manage their financial affairs in a better manner. Our firm will consider norm of independence while conducting audit. In addition to this, they can comply statutory requirements of Australia appropriately to prevent obligation of penalties. Study depicts that Jane is not eligible for becoming the auditor of the company due to lack of qualification and having a major shareholding in the business. By considering this factor, B B Co. Ltd will be required to recruit auditor to comply with the regulatory guidelines. Furthermore, our firm has the finest auditor who has extensive knowledge of legal norms and industry which they are operating. Due to this aspect, they will be able to assist the company in better tax planning, add credibility to accounts, and financial management to provide cost advantage and control procedures. Conclusion The present report shows the significance of audit for a corporate entity. On the basis of the present study, conclusion can be drawn that firm should recruit auditor instead of delivering this work to Jane. It is because; she is not eligible for same due to lack of qualification and having a major shareholding in the business. References A guide to understanding auditing and assurance: listed companies, (2014). [Online]. Available throughhttps://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/~/media/Corporate/AllFiles/Document/professional-resources/auditing-assurance/guide-understanding-audit-assurance.pdf?Division=VictoriaSegment=The+Rest. [Accessed on 13th August 2016]. Arens, A.A, (2002), Auditing in Australia. Routledge. Arens, A.A, (2007), Auditing and assurance services in Australia: an integrated approach. Pearson Education Australia. Christensen, J. Kent, P. Stewart, J. (2010), Corporate governance and company performance in Australia, Australian Accounting Review, vol. 20 no.4, pp.372-386. Dedman, E. Kausar, A. Lennox, C. (2014), The demand for audit in private firms: recent large-sample evidence, European Accounting Review, vol. 23 no. , pp.1-23. Gay, G.E. Simnett, R. (2010), Auditing and assurance services in Australia. Mcgraw-hill. Jones, P. (2016), Internal audit: An integrated approach, Company Director, vol. 32 no. 5, p.50. Parker, R. H. (2013), Accounting in Australia (RLE Accounting): Historical Essays (Vol. 58). Routledge.

The Use Of Animals To Portray Foreshadowing free essay sample

In Macbeth Essay, Research Paper Thesis Statement: Throughout the drama of Macbeth, Shakespeare chooses to utilize animate beings to portray prefiguration, to develop character and to arouse a broad assortment of emotions from the audience.A ) Dramatic Purpose # 1 To Characterizeto demo the development of a person/character. helps the audience to understand the true personalities of characters ( non what their portrayed to be to others ) .1. a ) # 8220 ; # 8230 ; Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear, / The arm # 8217 ; vitamin D rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger ; / Take any form but that, and my steadfast nervousnesss / Shall neer tremble # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Act 3, Scene 4, Lines 123-125 ) .Macbeth is talking to Lady Macbeth about Banquo # 8217 ; s shade he says that if any of these ferocious animate beings should come near him, he would neer be scared. Macbeth doesn # 8217 ; t want Banquo to be in any portion of his life, that # 8217 ; s why why he killed him. Now that he # 8217 ; s come back as a sha de ( he # 8217 ; s trembling/scared that Banquo will neer go forth him entirely ) the usage of these ferocious animals compared to Banquo shows that Macbeth may be repenting the slaying of Banquo. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use Of Animals To Portray Foreshadowing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shows he # 8217 ; s non every bit strong as he portrays himself to be, he # 8217 ; s a coward indoors, he can # 8217 ; t face up to what he # 8217 ; s done.b ) # 8220 ; # 8230 ; As sparrows, bird of Joves, or the hare, the lion. # 8221 ; ( Act 1, Scene 2, Line 39 ) .the soldier is talking of Macbeth and Banquo. merely as an bird of Jove easy defeats the sparrow or the king of beasts easy defeats the hare, Macbeth and Banquo defeated their oppositions. this is portraying one as an bird of Jove and the other as a king of beasts. either manner, there was no competition between Macbeth and Banquo and their enemies. Shows the characters of Macbeth and Banquo and how ferocious they truly are. the king of beasts and the bird of Jove are ferocious animate beings, whereas the sparrow and the hare are really weak. They can easy be killed.c ) # 8220 ; I come, Graymalkin. Paddock calls ; # 8211 ; anon. # 8221 ; ( Act 1, Scene 1, Lines 11-12 ) .the enchantresss comrades, devils, are fam iliar liquors who are naming the enchantresss. Graymalkin is a cat and Paddock is a frog. shows the enchantresss are 1s who believe in evil liquors, as most enchantresss are portrayed as. shows they have announcing cognition # 8211 ; evil liquors, cats, they vanish. Shakespeare uses a cat as a spirit, as cats are important to hex a frog portrays their ugliness, as described earlier.B ) Dramatic Purpose # 2 To Create Emotionsto make the audience # 8217 ; s understandings lie where the playwright wants them to lie.makes the audience more involved in what # 8217 ; s go oning, more gratifying if they can # 8216 ; experience # 8217 ; what others do.a ) # 8220 ; What, all my pretty poulets and their dike / At one fell slide? # 8221 ; ( Act 4, Scene 3, Lines 255-226 ) .Macduff has merely found out that his household has been murdered. he asks Malcolm if all his kids and their female parent have died. he uses poulets because they are so vulnerable, incapacitated, flighty and easy fri ghtened. although when he speaks of # 8216 ; dam # 8217 ; he is talking of his married woman, since she is older and more experient so she is non as frightened and scared. However, she was in a incapacitated state of affairs so she is still referred to as # 8216 ; an animate being # 8217 ; because she is the # 8216 ; parent # 8217 ; to the poulets. this is to do the audience feel sorry, about incapacitated towards Macduff # 8217 ; s household. By utilizing poulets, we feel how incapacitated they must hold been and how frightened they truly were.b ) # 8220 ; Throw physic to the Canis familiariss, I # 8217 ; ll none of it. # 8221 ; ( Act 5, Scene 3, Line 55 ) . -Shakespeare is mentioning to throwing medical scientific discipline to the Canis familiariss, he doesn # 8217 ; t want anything to make with medical scientific discipline because the doctor just said that he cannot cure Macbeth, she’s not physically sick, just mentally.he refers to throwing it to the dogs because Shakespeare wants to evoke a sense of frustration from Macbeth over the condition of Lady Macbeth.c) â€Å"They have tied me to a stake; I cannot fly, / But bear-like I must fight the course.† (Act 5, Scene 7, Lines 1-2).this metaphor refers to a popular sport, bear-baiting Macbeth realizes that he is trapped, but feels that if he fights it out, to the end of the ‘course’ he might triumph. in his mind, there is a hope that he will somehow escape because he doesn’t believe that the final prophecy could come true. (That no man born of a women could harm him). although he doubts the last prophecy, there is still the feeling that he is tied to a stake, like a bear, just waiting to be attacked, waiting for t the end of the match. this makes the audience feel for Macbeth because just as anyone hates to see an animal trapped, they feel this for Macbeth. Although it appears that he deserves to die, there is still a sense of remorse.C) Dramatic Purpose #3 Foreshadowgives the audience an insight of upcoming events. adds suspensea) â€Å"I have no spur / To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself / And falls on the other.† (Act 1, Scene 7, Lines 25-28).Macbeth, when talking to Lady Macbeth, says how it’s only ambition that consumes him to become king. Shakespeare uses an over-eager horseback rider as a comparison to Macbeth. To be a rider you have to be confident and ambitious. Macbeth just wants the title as King, he is not very confident though. this shows foreshadowing because like an over-eager rider who jumps over the saddle instead of on it, he will take an advantage of being King and use it to his advantage. this shows the future downfall of Macbeth as King.b) â€Å"A falcon tow’ring in her pride of place, Was by a mousing owl hawk ’d at and kill’d.† (Act 2, Scene 4, Lines 14-15).†And Duncan’s horses †¦ Turn’d wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out, / Contending with obedience †¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Act 2, Scene 4, Lines 16-20).describes the unnatural events that occurred the night of Duncan’s murder. it’s very unnatural for an owl to kill a falcon, and for horses to be cannibalistic. this not only echoes the tragedy of Duncan’s unnatural death, but also foreshadows the downfall of the Macbeths. Macbeth arranged for his own kingship by the death of Duncan. Just as he’s not meant to be the proper King of Scotland, these events are not proper in nature, therefore his downfall is imminent. When Macbeth’s rule has ended, all in nature will return to normal.c) â€Å"The most diminutive of birds, will fight, / Her young ones in her nest, against the owl.†(Act 4, Scene 2, Lines 12-13).this foreshadows Lady Macduff and her children. she speaks of how even the small or weak birds will fight against any predator to protect her young ones. Lady Macduff is being compared to as a small, helpless bird because since Macduff is gone, she doesn’t really have any protection. she will guard as best she can to prevent harm towards her children. here she foreshadows her own death as well as her children’s, saying that she will do her best to keep her children away from any harsh or fatal events that may come their way. however, her and her children are being portrayed as small, defenseless animals, therefore shows that they do not stand a chance when up against any form of enemy.

Chemical Engineer Salary and Experience

Chemical Engineer Salary and Experience Chemical engineering is one of the highest paying degrees for entry level jobs, with even higher payscales for experienced chemical engineers. Chemical engineers tend to be in high demand and are much more employable than chemists. Heres a look at typical salary ranges for chemical engineers. Chemical Engineer Salary Survey Based on Experience Chemical engineers can earn good salaries straight out of school, but years of experience or higher education can double the salary rate. Chemical Engineer 1 Year Experience: $51,710 - $66,286 Chemical Engineer with 1-4 Years Experience: $56,206 - $70,414 Chemical Engineer with 5-9 Years Experience: $64,618 - $84,199 Chemical Engineer with 10-19 Years Experience: $74,546 - $101,299 Chemical Engineer with More than 20 Years Experience: $83,304 - $126,418 Salary survey based on experience is from PayScale.com. According to the US Department of Labor (2008), the median salary for chemical engineering was $78,860. The middle 50% of chemical engineers had salaries between $67,420 and $105,000. The UKs Institution of Chemical Engineers (2006) reported the average starting salary for chemical engineering graduates was  £24,000, with an average salary for all chemical engineers of about  £53,000.

Essay Einstein Principle for Effective Time Management

Essay Einstein Principle for Effective Time Management Essay: Einstein Principle for Effective Time Management Modern society seems to be focused on intensive lifestyles. People are in a hurry almost all the time. This brings about a great need for effective time management. Some people try to optimize their time by getting up earlier or by going to bed early just to cope with as many tasks as possible. But does this really help? After all, this approach seems to be pointless as it only makes us exhausted and depressed due to lack of sleep. Now take a moment to consider some better ways to effectively manage time. What could be better than a method invented by Albert Einstein? No matter how hard we try to multitask, it seems impossible to do everything on our daily list. However, the theory of Albert Einstein states: â€Å"We are most productive when we focus on a very small number of projects on which we can devote a large amount of attention† (Newport, 2007). The following principle is based on the fact that serious tasks are time-consuming and require plenty of effort and concentration. Heres another trick. If we follow Mr. Einsteins principal, were likely to have a very low number of so called life-projects: education, career, marriage and hobby. Besides, each of us is overloaded by a number of duties and myriad small, but still important things to complete, alongside with the major ones. Moreover, putting all of your effort, time, money and other resources in one gigantic project can prove to be too risky, especially if something goes wrong. (Newport, 2007). There are no â€Å"sure things† in life! Therefore, lets base an approach toward time management based on the theory of a world-famous scientist, by updating the approach to better fit the standards of modern society. To achieve the best possible results, follow the scheme below: Step 1. When you feel time is short and youre peppered with hundreds of things to do, take a piece of paper and subdivide it into four columns: education, personal development, friends, and relations, and hobbies. In this way, you build a basic structure for the most important spheres of your life. Step 2. Write down the items which refer to a definite part of your life and list them in a corresponding section. So, for example, in the section titled Education, list the tasks connected with your studies (e.g. go to the library and find the needed book, start writing your new project, consult your professor and clarify the questions you need for your term paper, etc). The section for Personal Development could be filled with such issues as: taking driving lessons, paying more attention to your health and workouts, or it can be an intention to buy new furniture or decorations for your room. The section Friends and Relations may include activities like meeting a friend in a cafà ©, visiting a distant relative, or even buying Christmas presents! Finally, the fourth section Hobby can be filled with your intentions connected with something you like to do, or it can be going to see a movie, cooking a new dish containing exotic fruit, or even exploring a new route for a bicycle ride! Step 3. As soon as your list is completed, take a closer look at it and cross out all the unnecessary items, the ones, you can forget about straight away. In such a way youll get a chance to focus on the most important things. Step 4. Next, select the tasks that must be completed right away, and mark them to be completed as soon as possible! Step 5. Youll be glad you found out that only a small amount of things are left for you to do! The most important thing to do at this stage is to not start any new projects until you complete the listed ones, which you should begin right away (Newport, 2007). Such a practical approach may turn out to be rather helpful in terms of time management. Reducing the number of unnecessary tasks and placing your full concentration on the truly urgent tasks will help you plan your schedule much more effectively! If you need to hire a professional essay writer to get your custom paper written from scratch contact our online paper writing service.

Integrated supply chain management Research Paper

Integrated supply chain management - Research Paper Example Due to the liberalization and the globalization of international trade, the sourcing of production factors and the obtaining of consumers across boundaries has made it possible to have international supply chains (Mentzer 2004). The effectiveness of these barriers has made it possible to have a serious but favorable competition in the international market arena that can be attributed to the abolition of the trade barriers that previously made it impossible for trade to be easily carried out. This distribution of the competitiveness in the physical exchange with the rest of the world is important for economic growth and development of both nations and corporate that are actively involved in the supply chain management. A supply chain is loosely defined as a structured process of manufacturing whereby raw materials are changed into finished products before being delivered to customers. What is in agreement from the meaning of a supply chain is that it starts with raw materials and comb ines a number of value adding activities that end with the transfer of the finished products to the customer at the end of the chain. Due to the fact that the satisfaction of the needs and wants of the customer are crucial in the success of every supply chain and its management, effective management of the process that links each and every chains becomes vital. Additionally, the uncertainties in the market make the supply chains not to be flexible in trade situations that require that there is effective management of the supply chain. Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is aimed at examining and managing the supply chain networks in order to save costs and provides better services for the customers as well as improving the corporate competitiveness in the satisfaction of the needs of the customer (Langley et al 2008). Therefore, supply chain can be defined as a chain of facilities and distribution alternatives that carries out the functions of obtaining goods, changing t he goods into finished products and the distributing them to the market. Supply chain management entails organizing a network of numerous processes and activities that create value in the form of goods and services that are passed on from the original raw form into end products that are passed on to the end customer. It also involves the integration of key processes in any business from the end user through the suppliers that provide the goods and services and information that may be used in value addition to the product as well as the designing and management of all the activities that are relevant in the coming up with an end product (Handfield and Nichols 2002). In summary, supply chain management is aimed at increasing the value contribution to the end customer while concurrently reducing the costs of the product through offering it at the right place at the right time. According to Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky and Simchi-Levi (2003), supply chain management refers to the set of method s used for proper and efficient coordination of suppliers, producers, depots, and stores to enable the production and distribution of the commodities at the correct quantities, at the right locations and the right time. The main aim of this is to decrease costs while filling service requirements of both the supplier and the end customer, and this means that the supply chain must be organized to be both fast and trust worthy to the customers as well as cost effective to meet the requirements of the customers. From

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 16

Case Study Example The third case entitled ‘FOX news suicide live’ is about a police chase that ends with the suspect shooting himself as FOX television aired the event live. The matter about this case revolves around the merits of displaying such level of violence on television. Regarding the case of the ‘NYC Subway Photographer,’ the first ethical issue revolves around the protection of human life. The second ethical issue focusses on the merits of airing a violent and disturbing video without editing its gruesome details. Viewers with weak sensibilities were obviously disturbed and deeply affected by truth of the death of a man who should have been rescued. Given that the photographer was within range of the incident, it would have been more appropriate for him to act responsibly and humanely by protecting the man instead of taking pictures of the heinous spectacle. Such an intervention would have been defensible on moral grounds. Compassion and empathy should have been the guiding principles to the most appropriate decision from the photographer. Airing the death of a helpless man is not consistent with the ethics of journalistic practice. The cruelty of the situation is that the man was actually pushed to the subway by a violent man who stood nearby to watch the death of his victim. The photograph is an indictment to the photojournalist with regard to his sense of judgment, professional ethics, and moral standards. Protecting the life of a human being must remain the primary concern of a journalist (Smith 61). The photojournalist should have considered the life of the man above his journalistic duties. One ethical issue that connects with the case of the ‘Newspaper Photographer Fired’ is the need to uphold truth and accuracy in the conduct and practice of journalism. The photographer in this case took notice and consequently disapproved of a journalistic practice he found to be outside the ethics of the profession. Photo shopping of pictures to be used in a

Psychopathy Influences and Factors Essay Example for Free

Psychopathy Influences and Factors Essay Psychopathy has been around for hundreds of years and with a variety of names. In the early 1800s it was considered â€Å"moral insanity† and was based on the antisocial and nonconformity of individuals in society, but not necessarily criminal (Vitacco, Neuman Jackson, 2005). Today, the same description holds true to some extent. Merriam-Webster (2008) defines psychopathy as â€Å"a mental disorder† showing symptoms of insensitive and antisocial behavior. In the early view this disorder was viewed as just a deficit of character, where today, psychopathy is viewed as a treatable disorder that has ties to violent and non-violent behaviors (Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007). By the early 1940s, a set standard of 16 criteria was used to diagnose this moral insanity or psychopathy. This diagnosis tool was focused on the behavior and personality traits and actions of the person, but had not been viewed as a factor in studying criminal behavior (Vitacco, Neuman Jackson, 2005). This early 20th Century research in the field of psychopathy, it has blossomed and grown in to a psychological field of science all its own. In the 1980s the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) which listed the criterion from the initial research as well as new criterion for a total of 20 characteristics. The PCL was used on prisoners and criminally hospitalized people to show a correlation between psychopathy tendencies, and crime and violence. Eventually the PCL was modified a bit more to include the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), Psychopathy: Revised (PCL:R), and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV). All of these checklists have one thing in common; each can be used as a prediction tool in the relation of psychopathy traits and criminal activity (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). In just about every study there are four factors that are considered basic traits of the psychopathy personality. These four factors are found as predictors in each of the PCLs used in today’s psychopathy research. The traits include interpersonal detachment, affective disorders, non-conforming behavioral traits, and general antisocial actions (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). While most of the recent research has been used mainly on the male populations in prisons, juvenile institutions and psychiatric hospitals, the researchers who long believed the standard set did not fit with the female personality have begun to change the mindset. Many demographic factors including gender and race are being used to determine correlations and causes of the psychopathy personality. Psychopathy and Female Gender In more recent years, there has been an insurgent amount of research based on the psychopathy tendencies and predictability of female youth and adult offenders. The initial studies using any of the PCLs and including women as participants did not show a significant correlation between the psychopathic female and criminal behavior. However, more and more studies are showing correlations between and the prediction of criminal behavior in adult and adolescent female individuals with psychopathy personalities. One study of mixed adolescents began with the assumption of female participants having underlying factors that are not accounted for in the normal questions of the CPL:YV. This assumption was based on the ideal of the differences in the development of female and male adolescents. This study discovered some interesting information. While it was unable to predict non-violent activities in male or female participants, the female participants had extreme values in the prediction of violent behavior. This was one of the first studies including females that proved it would be used reliable for prediction of female violence (Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006). In fact, the mean association with female prediction was 21. 8 with a standard deviation of 5. 8, while male counterparts had a mean association with prediction of 22. 1 and a standard deviation of 6. 9.  This shows a correlation in the reliability of the predicting feature of this checklist in relation to female participants (Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006). There have also been studies on adult females with psychopathy traits that have found a decrease in intelligence with an increase in anxiety and psychopathic tendencies. This study allowed researchers to show the validity and reliability of the PCL:SV or PCL:R as a predicting tool in violent behavior and recidivism possibilities in both female inpatients and outpatients who participated in the study. Finally the task is not more just trying to understand the why and what of the male psychopath but the female psychopathy is gaining more ground and more research is being conducted now and in the future (Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007) Psychopathy and Race Within many of the same studies that are looking at female psychopaths, researchers are also declaring that race may be a factor in the onset of psychopathy tendencies. Most studies unfortunately, are coming up short with little significance in any correlation between race and psychopathic traits. In fact, the majority of the studies are showing a much higher significance in the correlation between gender and psychopathy than race and psychopathy (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). This does not mean that the researchers will stop working toward finding the cause especially if it is a demographic in nature. Today’s researchers are working long and hard to gain a better understanding of what is the true cause of psychopathy and if there are any signs that we can focus on when the child is still young. Psychopathy Treatments At this time, there is not known, end all, treatment for psychopathy. The reason for this is due to the number of factors that can attribute to the psychopathy traits. Just being antisocial is not psychopath and just being insensitive is not psychopath. The fact of the matter is that most psychopaths enter treatment just to quit almost immediately. The fact that the disorder is not associated with any practical or tangible pain or symptoms make this disorder easily ignored by the patient and the community. Without tangible repercussions, the treatment is meaningless and the individual returns to the actions of the past (Reid Gacono, 2005). Another problem is that no psychiatric medications seem to work to change the inherent traits of the psychopath. Without the use of normal types of therapy and medication treatment of this disorder is extremely hard. The only treatment that seems to work with psychopaths is the extreme treatments with rigorous and unchangeable schedules such as â€Å"wilderness programs† and such that take the individual out of normal life and into a boot camp like setting with structure and guidance. However, this rigorous lifestyle is usually abandoned as soon and the program is over (Reid Gacono, 2005). Recidivism of Psychopathy Personalities  Recidivism is basically the chance of a person returning to a way of life that is unacceptable, be the actions criminal, or just not acceptable to the community. In either case, a person who has been diagnosed with a psychopathy disorder is more likely to return to previous actions. In fact, the CPL:R is an incredibly accurate predictor of recidivism in persons with psychopathy tendencies. Studies have shown that a higher value in psychopathy and higher value in anxiety correlates with a lower intelligence value and a better chance of acting out in a violent way. If the violent action had been used previously, then the chance of recidivism was even more likely (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). Another study showed that many women with psychopathy tendencies also have what is called â€Å"selective attention abnormalities† that cause the women to exhibit violent and criminal actions. The action is not emotionally motivated but is an inherent deficit in the personality of the person (Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007). Conclusion In reality, more studies have to be conducted on psychopathy in mixed populations as well as single demographic variables. The field may have been around for over 200 years, but it is only now that science is catching up and finally giving some results that researches can use and help to treat this disorder (Reid, Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, Girard, 2007). Psychopathy is not psychotic. There is a difference, but the violent tendencies are just below the surface, and the reason the traits are provoked is still widely unknown. The more research and the clearer the view of this disorder, the more help we can offer to those who are diagnosed in the future.

How to do a child labor paper: :: Essays Papers

How to do a child labor paper: Child labor may well be morally repugnant but economists go beyond this and rationally argue for policies that will help children. Traditional arguments based on perfect competition are unhelpful and even suggest child labor may be a good thing. The argument is made persuasively in Krugman’s â€Å"In Praise of Cheap Labor†. Legislating higher wages for some group will quite likely reduce overall employment and make workers as a class worse off. Banning child labor may force children away from legitimate work to work that is off the books and not necessarily legal. Given that the sex trade is highly profitable and illegal it is easy to imagine this may well make children far worse off. However, there is a tight rational argument provided by Kaushik Basu to support the moral indignation many of us feel. The key to the argument is the bond between parent and child. Parents will not necessarily do what is in their best interest because they are altruistic and put the interests of the children first. The second key to the argument is that as children are sent= to school rather than work the wages of adults increase. These two create the potential for multiple equilibria. If all children work, then adult wages will be low and adults may well need to send the children to work to survive. However, if all children go to school then adult wages are higher and it may be that now the family can survive and send the children to school. If this is possible, it is what parents will choose because we assumed they are altruistic. (You should explain and add the diagram.) After covering these basics you should do at least some of the following: Discuss how this theory does or does not support trade restrictions on countries that use child labor.

McDonald’s global marketing strategy Essay

1. Identify the key elements in McDonald’s global marketing strategy (GMS). In particular, how does McDonald’s approach the issue of standardization? McDonald’s has become the most famous and successful fast-food restaurants all over the world. The concept of fast food and American-style food (burgers, fries) has conquered the world. We can talk about standardization regarding Mcdo’s strategy: the marketing mix is basically the same. Products:Fast food, American food (Burgers, fries and soda) Price:Cheap, â€Å"Burger Index† * Promotion:American style, mass communication, attract children, same brand name, colors and logo Place:Quick service, crowded area However, we cannot speak about a total standardization since McDonalds has adapted its menus, declining its marketing mix regarding some aspects of the local cultures. * The expansion and standardization of the hamburger has led to the creation of a price index that can be used as an economic reference between different countries known as the Big Mac Index. 2. Do you think government officials in developing countries such as Russia, China, and India welcome McDonald’s? Do consumers in these countries welcome McDonald’s? Why or why not? We would think that McDonalds would have trouble to locate in countries with very distant customs or rather reluctant to the American way of life. But the brand had a very good concept. McDonalds was also a way for these countries’ population to eat copiously for small budgets. When McDonalds opens its first restaurant in Russia, the company creates its own supply chain, including farms, within the USSR. For political reasons, McDonald’s Canada was responsible for this opening, with little input from the U.S. McDonalds has managed to gain the trust of local authorities and local population by working with agricultural producers to develop local supply food sources. Mentalities and cultures have also evolved a lot, since the beginning of globalization. In Asia, young people quickly join this way of eat, because it was much more modern. However, McDonalds didn’t deny the significant food’s customs: In 1996 when McDonald’s entered in India for the first time, it offered a Big Mac made with lamb called the Maharaja Mac. 3. At the end of 2003, McDonald’s announced it was selling the Donatos Pizza unit. Then, in 2006, the Chipotle chain was spun off. In light of these strategic actions, assess McDonald’s prospects for success beyond the burger-and-fries model. MacDonald’s wanted to reassert itself in its core business: burger and fries. So they decided to focus on their basic concept and to abandoned businesses they believed to be complimentary. This strategy of specialization allows: A cost-leadership An improvement of productivity A leader’s statue in terms of innovations An excellent market’s knowledge To give clear brand’s identity and goals better defined In doing so, they wanted to reestablish themselves as the reference n ° 1 of burger & fries’ fast-food. 4. Is it realistic to expect that McDonald’s – or any well-known company – can expand globally without occasionally making mistakes or generating controversy? Why do anti-globalization protesters around the world frequently target McDonald’s? I think that a company can expand globally without necessarily making big mistakes. But in this case, that company should invest a lot of money in marketing research upstream but also continually to be always aware of the local environment. The local as well as general decisions must take into account all collected data. Here is the reason why there are sometimes mistakes. It is an intricate process, which requires time and money. But it goes without saying, that each operation must be consistent with each marketing’s location. Regarding McDonald’s, it is normal that all novelties proposed haven’t always been liked because country’s food, tastes and eating habits are very variable depending on each population. McDonald’s has been very performing in finding a basic menu that pleases almost everyone. This is that power which has Mcdo, to standardize eating habits, that scares anti-globalists. In fact, food is often a dear element to ones who wish to preserve their cultural identity. Finally, I guess it is possible to be accepted worldwide, but it is risky to alter the traditions of the foreign country in which the company want to establish itself. Case 2: Acer’s strategy. 1. Acer’s strategy has been described as â€Å"divide and conquer.† Explain. Acer, founded in 1976 by Stan Shih, is the fourth computer manufacturer in the world. The Taiwanese group is specialized in manufacturing and commercialization of computers, monitors and other computer peripherals. The different brands of the group are: Acer, Packard Bell, Gateway and eMachines. Contrary to McDonalds, Acer has opted for a strategy of differentiation rather than standardization. Indeed, when Stan Shih uses the phrase â€Å"divide and conquer† it’s to highlight the group’s decision to preserve the identity and personality of each group’s brand and to use the privileged relation that these brands have built over the years with their own customers: Packard Bell targets the general public eMachines the large public â€Å"first price† Gateway targets larger companies Acer focus on mobility to attract both consumers and the SoHo market (Small office and Home Office) 2. How did the â€Å"global markets-local markets† paradox figure into Stan Shih’s strategy for China? Stan Shih decision to focus on the Chinese market is quite paradoxical regarding the â€Å"divide and conquer strategy†: The word â€Å"divide† is a paradox because Acer wants to refocus on the Chinese market, so the target will be much more homogeneous. And on the other hand, â€Å"conquer† is not the interest here because Chinese are already conquered. So the strategy division is quite paradoxical as far as â€Å"local markets† are concerned, because the population is more uniform. But this strategy is maybe very successful too at a local level. 3. Can Acer become the world’s third largest PC company, behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard? We can indeed imagine that Acer may become the world’s third largest PC company. Since the refocus of Acer in China, the results have been impressive. However, it must stand out from Lenovo. To grow its market shares, Acer must have a more global view and this will make the difference. If the group wants to change this ranking, he cannot restrain its strategy to the Chinese market. Acer should also improve its B to C, because it is more recognized in the world of B to B. Acer has to be more innovative and gain the trust of diverse populations. 4. Even before the current economic crisis deepened, growth in the U.S. PC market had begun to slow down. Despite strong competition from Dell and Hewlett-Packard, Acer’s U.S. market share increased from 1 percent in 2004 to 3.3 percent by the end of 2006. What are Acer’s prospects for gaining further share in the United States? It was difficult for Acer to enter in the US’ market: Dell and HP have a monopoly in the PC there. The United States expansion is very closely linked to the merging with the American computer hardware manufacturer Gateway, while the European move is related to the acquisition of the Packard Bell company. Acer’s intention is to offer a wide range of computers: the decision to keep the different brands by checking that they don’t overlap is an ideal combination. EMachines offers cheap desktop, Acer made cheap laptops and Gateway is located in the midrange and high end. This is probably what has allowed Acer to increase its market share, and it is probably thanks to its cheap range that the crisis hasn’t had any impact on its growth in the United States.

Bohol Countryside Package tour Essay

Commentary: Good Afternoon Everyone! I’m Queensy del Corro, your tour guide for this 2-Day and 1 night Bohol Countryside Package tour. You can call me queen, queens or just â€Å"Q†, whatever that suits you. And now, We are on our way to our first stop The St. Joseph Cathedral. St. Joseph the Worker is the patron saint of the city. The original church was built by the Jesuits through forced labour of the local people. But on December 23, 1798 the church was demolished to the ground. The cross-shaped church was reconstructed in 1839 to 1855. Less than two decades later, the two-storey convent was added, followed by the bell tower. As you can see the cathedral has a neo-Romanesque look, with corbelled arches underneath the cornice. Built from the usual materials found in other old churches built by the Spanish colonizers, the church retains the classic look at the front facade. In the inside. The church is both simple and majestic. Simple because the decorations are not as ornate as those we would see in Baclayon Church. Which you will be able to see tomorrow on our 2nd day. Or that of the Sto. Nino Basilica in Cebu. Majestic because it inspires awe when you look up at the display of saints behind the altar. Weddings are grandest at the cathedral which would explain why it is not easy to get a reservation for the wedding schedules. If you really want to, give yourself a year to reserve in order to be sure. So now, you can look around, take pictures and I’ll give you just enough time to admire the sacred place. And please do minimize your voices for there is a lot of church goers who prays and visits this place every now and then. And for our next destination, We are now here at The Sandugo or Blood Compact Shrine monument in Bo-ol district of Tagbilaran City. Does anyone here have an idea what the word â€Å"Sandugo† means? â€Å"Sandugo† is a Visayan word which means â€Å"one blood† or in tagalog â€Å"Iisang-dugo† . It was a blood compact, performed between the Spanish explorer Miguel Là ³pez de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna, the chieftain of Bohol on that time. It became one of a landmark site of the first international treaty of friendship between Spaniards and Filipinos. It happened on March 16, 1565, to seal their friendship as part  of the tribal tradition. The monument, with the bronze statues of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, Rajah Sikatuna and several other witnesses, was a masterpiece of the Boholano sculptor and National Artist for Sculpture, Napoleon Abueva. Take time to have your pictures taken, and you may also enjoy the over-looking view of the Bohol Sea at the back, just be careful. I know you’re a bit hungry at the moment but don’t worry ‘cause we are now here at Bohol Bee Farm. You’ll be able to enjoy their healthy and organic food without feeling guilty after consuming a plate or two. But not only that, you’ll also enjoy to get near the cages or synthetic bee hives where the bees produce honey to pastries with traces of grated vegetables. A guide will assist you there so don’t worry. They also offer accommodation services such as, spas, massage areas and alike. So I’ll give you enough time to enjoy the food and most especially the place. Have and fun and I’ll see you after an hour and a half. And now, we are here at Panglao Shell Museum also known as The Nova Shell Museum, It features an enchanting collection of sea shells, especially those endemic to the waters of Panglao and Bohol. The museum is owned and operated by Mr. Quirino Hora who has practically devoted half his life in the collecting, studying and archiving of these underwater creatures. His hobby soon developed into a source of income for his family and provided employment opportunities to the local folks. At present, the Shell Museum showcases one of the biggest shell collections in the world. For enthusiasts of the beautiful sea life, the place is definitely on the top of the list. Fun fact, two shells are already named after him, the Busa Quirihoria and the Primovula Horai. The former was discovered in 1987 and the latter in 1994, along the pristine shores of Panglao Island. A tourist guide on standby can provide us information about the shells displayed inside the museum. Let’s now hear it from him. I know you are all feeling tired from the almost half a day of travelling on the way here in Bohol. And the some short stops we did along the way, that’s why I’m ending our first day early leaving you here in the Paradise of Bellevue Resort. Reservations are already made so you don’t have to worry  about anything. Free breakfast is included for tomorrow. Enjoy, Relax and have fun! The Bellevue Resort is everything you would imagine having in the best night of your tour. Experience a life of luxury with The Bellevue’s five star appointments. The customer service desk is open for any inquires you may need. Call time tomorrow would be at 7:30 here at the exact area where we are now. See you! We’ll be leaving exactly at 8am. Bring your swim wear just in case! DAY 2 Good Morning Everyone! So how was your sleep? Did you enjoy your Bellevue experience last night? I hope you did. Have everyone here had their breakfast? ‘cause we have a long day ahead of us. Our first destination for this day is the Hinagdanan Cave here in Bingag, Dauis still in the Island of Panglao, Bohol. In the area, you’ve seen numerous souvenir shops that sell a wide variety of souvenir items like keychain, T- shirts, hats and the likes. I highly recommend to buy your â€Å"pasalubongs† here, for their shops have cheaper prices than of the other you’ll see on our way. But you can do it later, don’t worry I’ll give you time for that. Upon entering, the cave’s interior is quite dark, that’s why you need to adjust your cameras for proper lighting when you take pictures. If you don’t know the proper camera setting, I’ll be glad to assist you how to do so. I can also take your picture if you want to. Inside the cave you can see a big, clean, and deep lagoon where you can bathe. So anyone who brought their swim wears with them? You may now go dipping! Next stop-over would be here at Dauis Church. The church is named Our Lady of Assumption. It is located in the heart of Dauis town. The big area outside serves as the playground for kids and picnic area for families during afternoons. Inside the church, you will see the â€Å"Miraculous well† as they say. Because according to some people, the water from the well can cure illnesses and sometimes helps you acquire things that you’ve been wishing for a long time. At the back of the church, near the exit door you can see a small kiosk like structure where they sell bottled water from the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"miraculous well†. You can buy it for 20 pesos. Take time to look over the place and don’t think twice to ask me help you take your pictures. Next in line is meeting Prony! The Python in Captivity. Prony is a self-developed and trained Python. It is owned by Sofronio (â€Å"Fronio†), where the name â€Å"Prony† came from. This is the biggest and longest Phyton in captivity is in the Island. Prony was captured last October 21, 1996 which only weighs 5 kilos and is 5 feet long during that time . Animal and snake experts says that the growth of Prony is abnormal as Pythons who live in the wild with the same sizes are already 50 years old comparing to Prony who is only 9 years old. The owner says that Prony’s growth abnormality is due to the fact that they treated the Python with outmost care. They fed Prony live chickens before but due to her large consumption and the cost of chickens, they now fed her with pig or goat every month. Prony has an amazing ability to sense unsuitable food such as sick pigs and goats. Prony doesn’t like dark, spotted and dirty pigs. She chooses clean white pigs that weigh over 40 kilos. The Python is given a bath 4 times a day and celebrates her own birthday annually. Now, you can take pictures with Prony. And if you like, they also have photographers to take your picture and give you a printed one right after with a reasonable price. As what I’ve said yesterday, we’ll be visiting the Baclayon Church – The Baclayon Church regarded as the second-oldest church in the Philippines; next to San Agustin Church in Intramuros. Symbolizing Catholicism’s influence in the island, the Baclayon Church was built from corals bound together by mortar mixed from eggwhite. Inside the church, you can see the dark interior of Baclayon Church, the gilded retablo behind the altar will definitely catch your attention, it is a baroque confection bedecked with backlit icons. Let’s walk to the back of the church and you’ll see carroza, or carriages for religious processions; some walls and part of the floors are engraved with the names of devotees presumably buried under the tiles. We’ll now be entering the Baclayon parish museum, please keep your cameras for picture-taking inside is not allowed. You’ll find the relics of ivory icons of Jesus and Mary; relics of Jesuit saints; church music written on sheepskin; priestly vestments; and religious artwork. Notes at the bottom  part of the relics are provided, take time to read while the local guide tours you around the museum. For the awaited lunch buffet, we are now here at the Loboc River Cruise. This is not something optional if you don’t want to miss a superb experience in your Bohol country side tour. Enjoy a buffet lunch in a festival themed floating restaurant while enjoying the cool breeze blowing inside it as it traverses Loboc’s clean river which is surrounded by lush green plants. Loboc River Cruise also offer a night cruise which is perfect for a romantic dinner. Along the cruise you’ll see several lanterns in the trees which surely look great at night. Enjoy your lunch while listening to the local bands ready to serenade you throughout the cruise. And don’t be surprised if they do some short stop-overs to let you see and admire the local children dancing and singing folk songs. On our way to Chocolate Hills, let’s take this opportunity to stop-over in Bohol’s Man-made Forest. The 2-kilometer expanse of verdant vegetation mostly of Mahogany trees, added with ferns, some wild bushes and flowers. The Mahogany Forest was part of the nationwide reforestation program that was launched in the 1960s during the reign of Diosdado Macapagal. The 857.4 hectares of bare land was gradually planted with young Mahogany trees by volunteers. You can also now take the opportunity of taking memorable pictures of another grand spectacle of Mother Nature and at the same time, also a product of human ingenuity. For our last but not the least destination. The Famous Chocolate Hills. The world-renowned cone-shaped Chocolate Hills is Nature’s expression of beauty, mystery and romance. Chocolate Hills is also cited as a Geological Movement of the country and is also known as the Eighth Wonder of the World. It consists of approximately 1,268 hay cock hills with heights ranging from 40 to 120 meters. Formed centuries ago by tidal movements, the hills are considered as a National Geologic Movement. During the summers, the dome-shaped grass covered limestone hills dry up and turn brown, transforming the area into seemingly endless rows of chocolate â€Å"kisses†. Two of the highest hills have been now developed and provided with facilities  such as a restaurant, hostel and a view deck. Now go ahead and explore Bohol’s Pride! Goodluck on climbing the 214 steps before reaching the view deck. Take Care!! Myth Story telling: On our way to Chocalate Hills Legend has it that when giants live with mortals, a gentle giant fell in love with a beautiful village girl. Agoro, the giant was handsome and though a favorite among female giants, was also a loner. When everything and everybody sleeps, Arogo would sit by his favorite spot near the river to ponder or just watch the night pass by. One night while Arogo was by his spot, he noticed a beautiful native girl with hair as black as the night by the river bank. He instantly fell in love with Aluya. After that night. Arogo would always wait by his place to take a glimpse at his beloved Aluya. A rumor reached Arogo that Aluya would soon marry a man her parents chose for her. The night before Aluya’s wedding, Agoro kidnapped Aluya. Seeing a giant, Aluya screamed, kicked and cried, but to no avail. Arogo was successful in abducting Aluya. In the giant’s cave, Arogo tried to give Aluya food and water but the girl kept on crying. Her sadness reached her heart that she died with tears in her eyes. Arogo buried her and kept his vigil. He cried for days and months. Giant tears fell to the ground. He cried a thousand years for the loss of his love. After sometime, Arogo’s tears hardened and became what we know today as Chocolate hills. The Hills were witnesses of an unrequited love of the years go by. There are at least 1,776 uniform hills that leave visitors no wonder how they came to be. And that would end our tour 2 day 1 night Bohol Countryside Tour. I hope you had fun even just for a brief period of time. I enjoyed your company and I’ll be expecting to see you here again! Thank you so much! And it’s me, Queensy del Corro again, signing off as your tour guide.

15 College Halloween Costume Ideas

15 College Halloween Costume Ideas Forget finals, exams and mid-term papers: coming up with a costume idea for Halloween is real pressure. If youre sweating over what youll be dressing up as this year and want to avoid the tired out plays on pirates, zombies and vampires, we have 15 unique costume ideas that will score you points with fellow party-goers and overage trick-or-treaters. These unique ideas can be a great jumping off point to create your own look or to improve on great costumes of the past. 1. Favorite Internet Meme Every year brings its own crop of viral internet memes and heres your chance to celebrate your favorite. You can dress up as Grumpy Cat, Good Guy Greg, your favorite LOL cat or a combination of any of your favorite internet memes from the past several years. 2. Forgotten Comic Book Heroes Sure the X-Men, Superman and Batman get plenty of notice but what about Swamp Thing, Thor or If you want to show off your Geek Cred, dress up as Halk Kar, a superhero who had many of the same powers as Superman but to a lesser degree. Halk Kar was briefly thought to be Supermans older brother but it turned out he was from a different planet – Thoron – and was eventually scrapped by DC Comics. 3. Your Younger Self Break out the acid wash jeans, Dippity Do gel and velcro high tops. Dress up as your middle school or junior high self. Bonus points for dressing up as your Kindergarten self with accompanying yearbook photo. 4. Sexy Vader Pair up that Darth Vader mask with fetish PVC gear for a unique look sure to turn some heads. 5. Reality Show Fast Forward Pick your favorite (or your least favorite) reality show personality and dress as you predict theyll wind up 20 years from now. 6. Made by Lego Drag out that plastic bin of Legos and start building. People online have started developing instructions, blueprints and tips for building masks from plain Lego blocks. Use their instructions to create Star Wars inspired masks or create your own and upload it. 7. Lego Man Its also easy and fun to dress up as the original Lego Man. Use Large Construction Tubing to make his head (it will need to fit over your own head) and cover with Yellow Duct Tape. Build a blocky red shirt with cardboard and red tape or contact paper. Cut arm holes in the sides and wear a long sleeved red tee shirt underneath. Finish it off with black trousers and yellow rubber gloves. 8. Loading †¦. Get a picture of your own face or of a celebrity or whoever you want to use as a mask. Run it through an online filter to pixelate it and go as a slow loading jpeg or an 8-bit version of that person. 9. A Suessy Solution Going as your favorite Dr. Seuss character can take some planning. Hit up cosplay friends for tips on making sweeping takes, furry hats and prosthetic makeup to make the characters come to life. 10. Zipper Face Grab yourself a zipper either from those jeans that will never fit again or pick up a new one at a fabric store. Paint the whole thing (unzipped) with clear nail polish so it wont turn your face green and then use spirit gum or facial adhesive to plaster it half zipped onto your face. You can do down your nose and have the zipper open right over your mouth or go side to side. Paint each section of your face a different color or use it as a foundation for a monstrous makeover. The use of a real zipper adds a lot to the impact of the costume. Find out more on how to apply Halloween makeup from one of our blog posts. 11. Going as a Group Planning your costume with a group of friends opens a world of ideas. Gather up a few of your best mates and go as a group of Tetris pieces Paper, Rock, Scissors the Spice Girls the Evolution of Madonna the South Park gang Calvin and Hobbes 12. The World in Black White Use monochrome clothes, face paint, black lipstick and dark accessories to go as yourself in Black White. 13. Get Punny If youre a fan of word play, dress as a pun. A bra and two cups of spice bottles turns you into an instant Spice Rack. If you have red hair (and youre a guy) you can tie some bread around your neck and wist and go as a Gingerbread Man. 14. Frame It If youre willing to support a cardboard frame for the evening, you have several options. Framed options include the Mona Lisa walking FaceBook live action YouTube Video 15. Not Dressing Up is Still a Costume If you find yourself at the 11th hour with no costume, no money and no time, dont despair. Grab a white t-shirt and a sharpie and write Error 404: Costume Not Found. You may not win any prizes but at least it counts as a costume. By the way, this costume remains on top of the list for years. Weve even added it to our list of The Best Halloween Costumes for College Guys. Bonus Clowns are really creepy. If you want all your friends be scared of you, try to wear a clown costume. There are many variations of it; therefore, weve completed the entire blog post with Scary Clown Costume Ideas for This Halloween. Have an epic costume idea? Share it below!

Reaching Readers Through Wattpad and Blog Tours

Reaching Readers Through Wattpad and Blog Tours Reaching Readers through Wattpad and Blog Tours - An Interview with Indie Author Chele Cooke It’s no secret that the main challenge for all authors out there (except the bestselling ones) is visibility. â€Å"How can I reach readers?† is a question that comes up again and again†¦ Of course, there’s no one answer, but there are a lot of opportunities out there, a lot of different paths you can try out to reach different audiences.When interviewing speculative fiction indie author and ALLi member Chele Cooke, we decided to focus on two of them that she’s been using: Wattpad and blog tours. She might not yet be a bestselling author like some of our previous â€Å"guests†, but she has explored different paths that are worth mentioning, and has the right mindset when coming to marketing: it’s something to have fun with!For the lovers of the written word, we’ve provided a transcript below. But I recommend just plugging in your headphones and plunging into this joyful chat we had, as we didn’t transcribe quite everything! You can also join us directly on the Hangout here!

Cloud computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cloud computing - Research Paper Example A cloud can either be public cloud (it is made available to public on a pay-as-you-use manner) or a private cloud (owned and operated by an organization) or a hybrid cloud (a combination of the two). Many consider cloud computing as a metaphor to Internet. Although the technology behind the concept is not new, the concept has seen development of many business models built around it in the recent past. Some of the companies building business around cloud computing are: Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Salesforce, Dell, Hewlett Packard, IBM, AppNexus and Apple. The recent past has seen increase in significant number of cloud computing models. These categories defined the component of the IT system that is on the cloud. The three most popular categories of cloud computing currently in the market are: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Cloud Computing model where companies offer web-based access to storage and computing power. ). This model is also referred to as â€Å"Hardware as a Service†. Examples of services provided in an IaaS model include: CPU cycles, grids or clusters, virtualized servers, network equipment, or storage software. The end-user has control over the operating systems, storage and deployed applications. Amazon is the first mover in providing such services: Amazon (Elastic Compute Cloud and Simple Storage Service). Platform as a Service (PaaS): Platform as a Service enables consumers to develop applications and tools and run them. The offering removes the consumer’s headache of maintaining the operating system, server hardware, load balancing and computing capacity. Microsoft’s Azure platform and Salesforce’s force.com are example of such services. Software as a Service (SaaS): Software as a Service comprise of applications that are accessible from various devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser. These applications are generally developed and hosted by the SaaS vendor. This implies that no

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Operation management - Essay Example The main success of the company was drawn from the traditional management system and also the outstanding customer service as they believed the customer to be the greatest asset to a company. Their operations were mainly geared towards ensuring that the customers were satisfied and they looked for the best methods to ensure customer satisfaction. The employees within the organization had to work extra shifts to meet the demand of the customer in the organization. Delivery of service at the company had to be flawless and the customers had to have their services delivered on time making the process more difficult especially in the peak time when there was customer influx meaning that the processes involved increased due to the verification procedures. The company had to hire more workers on temporary basis to deal with the increase in the number of customers and also the inflows that were blowing out of hand for the employees at the company (Upton, 1997). The permanent employees also had to work extra shifts so as to meet the demands of the customers who had to get their insurance in order. The process that was involved in ensuring that the insurance forms were properly filled in and entered into the system was however marred with problems since the customers were at times not filling the form well. The problem of entering the wrong data into the systems was however more critical since the customers would be dissatisfied leading the directors to take a step and introduce the SPC model to sample the problem in the organization. The workers were not entirely amused but they had to abide by the directive and one of the directors Kluck hoped that the method would help in reducing the errors (Upton, 1997). The main reason for implementing the model to the company was mainly to understand the accuracy levels so as to come up with the best solutions to the problems that plagued the company. The SPC model was set up in such a way that each employee would

Social Studies Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Studies Standards - Essay Example The national standards for social studies and the standards set for social studies by Washington state have much in common. The national standards broadly reflect a scenario where the rudimentary elements of the subject are highlighted. Also, the nature and scope of knowledge and skills for students in the different school grades that must be developed are provided (National Standards for Social Studies). The Washington state social studies standards are more specific to its region. It highlights the role of a citizen in society and his rights and responsibilities. It makes study of the constitution of the United States and the constitution of Washington State compulsory for students desirous of graduating from this state (Social Studies). Students in the early grades, middle grades and high school learn social studies in the context of their understanding and grasp. The level of learning and understanding naturally advance as the students scale higher up on the academic ladder, year by year. The students' understanding of the subject gives them greater awareness of their rights and responsibilities in society. Their knowledge of the locality as well as their state and the world at large and their interdependence, also become sharper. Their capability to think and address issues of local application and global importance also gain significantly. For instance, environment and the need to do something to reduce pollution are fresh in the minds of students (Wyoming Social Studies Content and Performance Standards). Social Studies Knowledge As mentioned earlier, the knowledge of social studies advance as students go up the academic grades. The basic knowledge of social studies is essential for every student. For students intending to pursue any branch of study where social studies play vital role like history and geology there is benefit in good score. For middle graders, an understanding that different scholars may interpret similar events in different ways may suffice. For high school students, it becomes necessary to demonstrate that historical knowledge and the concept of time are socially influenced constructions and the questions they raise need to be handled selectively according to the time they occurred (National Standards for Social Studies). Meaningful Learning A systematic and cohesive learning makes study of social studies interesting and meaningful. The student looks forward to such learning and his curiosity is heightened and satisfied step by step with each passing grade. Learning must be such that interest in the subject is awakened. The curriculum must be composed of not only contents but also the means of conveying the message. There must be good use of visuals, audiovisuals, group discussions and interactions with students. The use of computers and search engines like google and yahoo must be encouraged. Students must be given projects highlighting issues on social studies. It is great to note that use of pictures and words in a project enhance knowledge. There is a Chinese saying that one picture is as good as a thousand words. Conclusion As a subject, the indispensability of social studies cannot be overemphasized. It is not possible that one can do without it. Thanks to the technological advancements in communication and travel, the world has become a global

Historical Background Of Victorian Age English Literature Essay

Historical Background Of Victorian Age English Literature Essay In the year 1837, Queen Victoria ascended the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and succeeded William the IV. She served for a period of 64 years, till her death in 1901 and it is one of the longest reigns in the history of England. The period was marked by many important social and historical changes that altered the nation in many ways. The population nearly doubled, the British Empire expanded exponentially and technological and industrial progress helped Britain become the most powerful country in the world. 1.1.1. Chief Characteristics of Victorian Period While the country saw economic progress, poverty and exploitation were also equally a part of it. The gap between the rich and the poor increased significantly and the drive for material and commercial success was seen to propagate a kind of a moral decay in the society itself. The changing landscape of the country was another concern. While the earlier phase of Romanticism saw a celebration of the country side and the rich landscape of the flora and fauna, the Victorian era saw a changing of the landscape to one of burgeoning industries and factories. While the poor were exploited for their labor, the period witnessed the rise of the bourgeoisie or the middle class due to increasing trade between Britain and its colonies and the Reform Bill of 1832 strengthen their hold. There was also a shift from the Romantic ideals of the previous age towards a more realistic acceptance and depiction of society. One of the most important factors that defined the age was its stress on morality. Strict societal codes were enforced and certain activities were openly looked down upon. These codes were even harsher for women. A feminine code of conduct was levied on them which described every aspect of their being from the proper apparels to how to converse, everything had rules. The role of women was mostly that of being angels of the house and restricted to domestic confines. Professionally very few options were available to them as a woman could either become a governess or a teacher in rich households. Hence they were financially dependent on their husbands and fathers and it led to a commercialization of the institution of marriage. 1.1.2. Victorian Novels Victorian Era is seen as the link between Romanticism of the 18th century and the realism of the 20th century. The novel as a genre rose to entertain the rising middle class and to depict the contemporary life in a changing society. Although the novel had been in development since the 18th century with the works of Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Samuel Richardson and the others, it was in this period that the novel got mass acceptance and readership. The growth of cities, a ready domestic market and one in the oversea colonies and an increase in printing and publishing houses facilitated the growth of the novel as a form. In the year 1870, an Education Act was passed which made education an easy access to the masses furthermore increasing literacy rates among the population. Certain jobs required a certain level of reading ability and simple novels catered to this by becoming a device to practice reading. Also the time of the daily commute to work for men and the time alone at home for women could be filled by reading which now became a leisure activity. As a response to the latter, the demand for fiction, rose substantially. The novels of the age mostly had a moral strain in them with a belief in the innate goodness of human nature. The characters were well rounded and the protagonist usually belonged to a middle class society who struggled to create a niche for himself in the industrial and mercantile world. The stress was on realism and an attempt to describe the daily struggles of ordinary men that the middle class reader could associate with. The moral tangents were perhaps an attempt to rescue the moral degradation prevalent in the society then and supplied the audience with hope and positivity. These moral angles allowed for inclusion of larger debates in fiction like the ones surrounding the woman question, marriage, progress, education, the Industrial Revolution. New roles for women were created because of the resultant economic market and their voice which was earlier not given cadence was now being spotted and recognized and novels became the means where the domestic confinement of women was qu estioned. Novels reflecting the larger questions surrounding women, like those of their roles and duties. In the latter half of the century, Married Womens Property Acts was passed, the women suffrage became an important point of debate, and poverty and other economic reasons challenged the traditional roles of women. The novel as a form became the medium where such concerns were raised. 1.1.3 Charles Dickens: A Popular Victorian Author In the same year that Queen Victoria ascended the throne, Charles Dickens published the first parts of his novel Oliver Twist, a story of an orphan and his struggle with poverty in the early part of the century. As the Industrial Revolution surged on, the class difference between the traditional aristocracy and the middle class was gradually getting reduced and with the passing of the Reform Act, the middle class got the right to vote and be politically engaged in the affairs of the nation. While the aristocracy criticized the work that the bourgeoisie had to do in the factories and the industries, to maintain the supremacy that they had the privilege of, the middle class in response promoted work as virtue. The result of this led to a further marginalization of those struck by poverty and were part of neither groups. The Poor Law that was passed made public assistance available to the economically downtrodden only through workhouses where they had to live and work. The conditions of these workhouses were deliberately made to be unbearable so as to avoid the poor from becoming totally dependent on assistance from outside. Families were split, food was inedible, and the circumstances were made inhospitable to urge the poor to work and fight a way through poverty. However, these ultimately became a web difficult to transgress and people chose living in the streets rather than seeking help from a workhouse. Dickens was aware of these concerns as a journalist and his own life and autobiographical experiences entered the novel through Oliver Twist. His novel enters the world of the workhouses, the dens of thieves and the streets and highlights that while there was economic prosperity on one side, there was poverty on the other and while morality, virtue were championed, hypocrisy was equally a part of society. His social commentary entered the world of his fiction. In 1836, before Oliver Twist, his serials of Pickwick Papers were published which led him to instant recognition and popularity. It started the famous Victorian mode of serial novels which dominated the age till the end of the century. It not only made the reader anxious for the next serial to come and spread the popularity of the book itself, but also gave the writer a chance to alter his work according to the mood and expectation of his audience. His works enjoyed continuous popularity and acceptance and Dickens as a writer became famous for his wit, satire, social commentary and his in depth characters. Bleak House, A Christmas Carroll, David Copperfield, Great Expectations are some of his other great works. 1.1.4 William Makepeace Thackeray: English Victorian Writer Thackeray was born in Calcutta, India and was also an important writer but one who expressed his age very differently from Dickens and other writers. He is most noted for his satirical work Vanity Fair that portrays the many myriads of English society. Although he was seen as equally talented as Dickens, but his views were deemed old-fashioned which hindered his popularity. He did not readily accept the changing values of the age. His work is seen almost as a reactionary voice. Vanity Fair for example has the subtitle A novel without a Hero and in a period where other writers usually embarked on a portrayal of the coming of age of a hero, Thackeray himself very deliberately opposes it. While the protagonist of Dickens David Copperfield invites the reader to identify with him, Thackerays Becky Sharp is the conniving, cynical and clever. Even his novel Pendennis, is a complete opposite of the novel David Copperfield, although both were published the same year. Thackeray did not identif y with the middle class because hence his novels lack a middle class hero. When novels were catering to reassure middle class self-worth, Thackeray denied to give that assurance. Even, Dobbin, a middle class character in Vanity Fair, is not completely granted hero status and a tone of criticism lingers on the character throughout the work. In The History of Henry Esmond, Thackeray deals with questions of not only of the concerns of society at large but also of individual identity. While most writers supported the idea of innate goodness in the individual human self, Thackeray differed. For example the character of Henry Esmond is also not a completely positive character and the negatives of his self, is perhaps Thackerays critique of Victorian emphasis on the individual. An individualism that focused on personal virtue and morality is seen as Thackeray to at the risk of selfishness bordering on narcissism and self-absorption. His discontent with his age became more vocal in later works like Phillip and The New Comes. While the former is injected with autobiographical accounts and is goes back to the satirical tone of Vanity Fair, the latter is a harsh critique of the material greed of the age and a critique of the contemporary culture of the age. As a result of his strong opinions of his society and its issues, and a critical rejection of the dominant concerns found in works of other writers of the same age, Thackeray stands in isolation as an outsider to this circle due his skepticism of the changing Victorian society. His stand did not change with time and lends to a social criticism and commentary of a very different sort in his works. Catherine, A Shabby Genteel Story, The Book of Snobs are some of his other works. 1.2 Women Novelists of the Victorian Era The era saw a proliferation of women writers. The novel as a genre was initially seen as feminine literature and as the literacy rate among women increased, a new need for women writers catering to this segment was answered by these writers. 1.2.1. Mrs. Gaskell Elizabeth Gaskell, popularly called Mrs. Gaskell wrote short stories and novels that dealt with presenting a social picture of her society in the 1850s. While it was a time when doubts about material progress reaching the actual lives of the ordinary man were starting to be raised, Gaskell mostly gave an optimistic view of the time. Gaskells North and South for example, seeks to present an answer to division and difference by presenting a form of a social reconciliation. There is an attempt at reconciliation of many divergent streams in the novel. Mary Barton was her first novel, published in 1848 with a subtitle, A Tale of Manchester Life and sticks to the Victorian concern of presenting the daily life of the middle class. Cranford came next in the form of a serial and was edited by Dickens for the magazine called Household Words. It was received positively and Gaskell gained immediate popularity for it. It centered on women characters like Mary Smith, Miss Deborah and the others. However the book was also critiqued for its lack of a significant story line. She was also famous for her gothic style in some of her works and this made Gaskell slightly different from other novelist of her time. Ruth, Sylvias Lovers, Wives and Daughters were other significant works by her. 1.2.2. George Eliot Perhaps the one most famous women writers, George Eliot still maintains a canonical status. Her real name was Mary Ann Evans or Marian Evans and she adopted the pseudonym George Eliot to escape the stereotype attached with women writers and successfully entered the domain of serious writing. She had a controversial personal life and there too was not hesitant to break the norms of societal feminine boundaries. Adam Bede was her first novel, published 1859, set in a rural landscape and deals with a love rectangle. It received critical appreciation for its psychological descriptions of the characters and a realistic description of rural life. Mill on the Floss, 1860, revolves around the life of Tom and Maggie Tulliver and traces their life as they grow up near the River Floss. Historical, political references to those of the Napoleonic Wars and the Reform Bill of 1832 inform the novel and lend it a more intellectual and serious strain. Autobiographical elements also form a part of the novel as George Eliot fuses herself partly with Maggie, the protagonist of the book. After Silas Marner (1861), Romola (1863), Felix Holt the Radical, (1866) came Eliots most popular novel Middlemarch in the year 1871. The novel revolves around the life of complex characters and the Reform Bill of 1832. Subtitled A Study of Provincial Life the plot is based in the fictitious town of Midlands. The greatness of the novel was because of the vast portraiture of country and urban life that it depicts, its complex plots and characters, and its stark realistic projection of the time its set in. The role of education, the women question, politics, s ocial commentary, idealism are other complicated strands of the novel. 1.2.3. Bronte Sisters Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte were the three famous novelist daughters of Patrick Bronte, a well-educated man and a writer himself; and Maria Bronte. The family together went through a series of tragedies where Maria Bronte died very early and none of the three sisters could reach the age of 40. Charlotte died at the age of just 39, Emily at 30 and Anne at 29. All three were educated by their father at home and all of them were fond of storytelling since childhood. Charlotte Bronte is famous for her novel Jane Eyre, published in 1847. The titular protagonist of the book, Jane Eyre, and her struggles in life and love for Mr. Rochester along with the process of her mental and spiritual growth are traced. The novel is believed to have a feminist tone to it and the famous woman in the attic character of Bertha Mason raises several gender and feminist issues. Emily Bronte, the second of the trio, became famous for her novel Wuthering Heights, published in the year 1847 and the only boo k written by her. Like George Eliot, Emily wrote under the pseudonym of Ellis Bell but after her death Charlotte published the novel with her sisters real name. The novel is the love story of Heathcliff and  Catherine Earnshaw. Anne Bronte, the last of the three, wrote two novels: Agnes Grey  (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall  (1848). The former was an autobiographical work and the latter is about a woman named   Helen Graham who transgresses marital and social boundaries to assert her freedom. It is seen a substantial piece of feminist writing. All three sisters hence larger societal questions through mostly women characters and the plot focusses on their life with themes of love and passion. They hence enjoyed a large female readership and have achieved status as classics of literature. 1.3. Late Victorian Novelists Thomas Hardy was the most important writer in the later part of the Victorian Era. He was influenced by both the romanticism of the earlier era and the social commentary of Dickens. He is famous for the conception of the fictional town of Wessex. Far from the Madding Crowd  published in 1874,  The Mayor of Casterbridge  in 1886,  Tess of the dUrbervilles  in 1891, and  Jude the Obscure  in 1895 are his famous novels but Hardy was also known for his poetry. The late part of the period also saw the rise of the sensational novels by writers like Wilkie Collins and they too were based on the life of the middle class. The Woman in White (1860) and The Moonstone (1868) are Collins famous sensational novels. Anthony Trollope, another writer in the second half of the era, was himself from a middle class background and wrote the Phineas Finn (1869) and The Way we Live (1874). It was the time when Lewis Carroll wrote his famous Alices Adventures in Wonderland published in 1865 an d stood very different from other because of the child fiction genre it became a classic of the Carrolls different dreamy world that stood in direct contrast with the realistic tone of novels that was at its peak. George Gissing, George Moore, Samuel Butler, Henry James, Robert Louis Stevenson were other novels of the era. Rudyard Kipling and his short stories based in India pointed to the larger historical process of colonialism happening at the time. It was in 1877 that Queen Victoria became the Empress of India. Then also came George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde, another two most famous writers of the time. 1.3.1. Overview of Victorian Period The age hence was important for the rise of the novel as a genre and form which itself saw transformation within the period. From romanticism to realism, politics to passion, optimism to pessimism, the novel could successfully deal with the changing mood of the society. Class, gender, individualism, society all were given space in the novel. The period was known to have witnessed the massive change of Britain from an agrarian to industrial landscape. All concerns informed the novel and the novel was made into perhaps the most important genre of the age and the ones that would follow. 1.4 Modern Period After Queen Victorias death in 1901 came the period which saw writers like Joseph Conrad, H.G Wells, D.H Lawrence, E.M Forster and others. The most important event in the early part of the 20th century was the First World War that took place from 1914 to 1918. It was a crucial event that changed the way of the world, impacted the psyche of the people and also the way literature was written. The pessimism and doubts that were a part of the writings of the earlier period may perhaps have anticipated the War. Hence Joseph Conrad, instead of talking of the society and its change now focused on dislocated individuals, a question of where one belongs in a seemingly cruel world. Colonialism are important part of his works wherein he presents a stark reality of exploitation and greed. Lord Jim, Nostromo, Heart of Darkness, are some of his major works. H.G Wells was a prolific writer and wrote around a hundred novels. The Time Machine, Ann Veronica, The History of Mr. Polly, The War of the Wo rlds, are some his important novels and Tono- Bungay is seen as his most brilliant work. Lawrence, was a controversial writer because of the open sexual references in his work. His work was different because of the sensual language and emotional feelings that made them. Therefore the novel then moved from the realism of the world outside more towards a description of the reality of the individual within. Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love are important works by him. E.M Forster, lastly wrote his famous Howards End that deals with the Schegel and the Wilcox family and the society in 1910, brilliantly and delicately described which would then be transformed permanently by the First World War. 1.4.1. The Georgian Poets and World War I During the reign of George V, was published five anthologies of poetry by Edward Marsh in the year 1912 to 1922. Many important writers like of the time like Edward Thomas, Robert Graves, D.H Lawrence, Walter de la Mare contributed to these anthologies. The main concern was to depict the real issues surrounding the world around the World War. 1.4.2 Modernism Modernism as a movement was a response to the horrors of World War-I and to the rising industrial societies and growth of cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It challenged the harmony and the rationality of the Enlightenment and sought to reinvent art and literature of the age. To do so, it broke away from the works of the past and conventions that were earlier held at a pedestal. The view that traditional conceptions of beauty and on the whole the meaning of art itself did not fit the age lead to another movement called Dadaism that consciously set to redefine art itself. The movement was seen as anti-art that aimed to upturn its order. Chaos then as the basic antithesis to order was abundantly used by artists. Started by Tristan Tzara (1896- 1963) as a reaction against the senseless violence of the First World War and to reflect the anarchy that it spread in the social system as well as in the lives of ordinary people. What was also opposed was the conception of what was worthy of being the object of art. The classical subjects were replaced by the mundane as the urinal that Marcel Duchamp placed as an object of art in his gallery. Also in his LHOOQ Duchamps Mona Lisa with a moustache was a direct means to shake the viewer and the age out from his complacency that lead to the war itself. It was the direct expression of disillusionment with the war and that art too had lost its meaning like the literature of the classical time. The breaking down of any previously set rules and a violent portrayal of freedom of expression to shock and awe was the channel of the time that saw the violence of the World War firsthand. The artists and writers of the Dada movement were mostly war veterans and expressed through their work the psychological devastation of the war. The call for re-invention was echoed in the movement and stood for what modernism broadly aimed at. 1.4.3 Thematic and Technical Features of Modern Literature The conception that reality could be easily be comprehended was replaced by modernism with a more subjective argument. Reality became not what was directly seen but what was behind the apparent surfaces and it took a crude look at the ugly, the stark behind the glossy surfaces. It was to raise these questions that distortion became a crucial trope in the visual arts of the era. Comtes Positivism could no longer be used to describe reality. The distorted images force the onlooker to step out of his comfort zone and to question his conception of reality. It highlights the dialectical relationship between the object of expression and the language that expresses it. This was echoed in the Literature of the time where sentences are fragmented and deliberately left incomplete as in Waiting for Godot. Dialogues are seldom completed and there is an inability to find the correct words to describe the state of the self. This breakdown of language after the World War calls out for a need to rei nvent language to fit the post war world. Hitlers use of almost an enigmatic, opera type use of words (he admired Wagner) that achieved his mass appeal, did also lead to the war. It was perhaps then necessary to breakdown language to reinvent it. The distortion and the fragments not only hint at the former but to a unity that needs to be rediscovered. The half-sentence make the reader seek to complete them and participate in the call for a search of a new unity and identity which is Pounds injunction to Make it New. The onlooker/reader is removed from his role as a mere passive observer to an active one who contributes to the meaning of the art he views/reads. Hence the incompleteness was not aimed at a completely pessimistic answer that leads to a loss of hope, but to different source of comfort similar to what T.S Eliot finds in the world of shanti shanti shanti at the end of Wasteland. 1.4.4 Overview of Modern Age Literature James Joyce set his novels and short stories in a small city of Dublin. Dubliners published in 1914 is a part of the modernist literature along with The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses. Stephen Daedalus is a central character both in the Portrait and Ulysses. The latter however was banned. The next important writer was Virginia Woolf who was associated with the Bloomsbury Group which was a group of intellectuals and writers that met at her house which included E.M Forster and Leopold Woolf. Woolf attempted to present the changed world through a changed style of writing. In 1915 came her first novel called The Voyage Out and then came Night and Day in 1919. There was a realistic serious tone to both these books. Modernist strain in her writing began with her next novel call Jacobs Room which was published in 1922 along with Ulysses. The rest of the novels like Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, The Waves, and Orlando had the same modernist tone. 1.5 Stream of Consciousness Picassos cubism became an important part of modernisms subjective view of reality and a need to move away from traditional forms of art. It was this subjectivity that lead to the stream of consciousness technique of narration, as used by Virginia Woolf in Mrs. Dalloway. The focus on the interiority of the self and its perception of the objects it conceives was way to grasp the changed notion of reality. The Pre-Speech level of consciousness (as Henry James called it) of the character where the narrative deals with what is freely sensed or felt by the characters rather than what is directly uttered changed the way that narratives functioned. The expression of the self was also to highlight the crisis of the self within itself. The existential view of life and its cyclical futile form was what entrapped it rendering it unable to transcend futility of existence. This pessimistic view was a residue of the war which saw man as Sisyphus with his worthless search for meaning, identity and u nity in an age that cannot satiate his search. In The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus dwells on this futility of the modern experience. 1.6 Poetic Drama The term poetic drama was made popular during the middle of the 20th century. The term was made famous due to the works of T.S Eliot who used his work as a reaction to the drama of G. B Shaw and Galsworthy who were immensely influenced by Henrik Ibsen who wrote A Dolls House and Ghosts. In the The Quintessence of Ibsenism written by G.B Shaw, he accepted the formers influence on him. T.S Eliot apart from being a poet was also a critic and wrote many important works like Possibility of Poetic Drama and Poetry and Drama in which he expressed his belief that poetry and drama are linked inseparably. W.B. Yeats, W. H. Auden and other poets also tried writing poetic drama. UNIT 2 1MPORTANT LITERARY TERMS 2.1. Dramatic Monologue A persona poem or what is popularly termed as a dramatic monologue in poetry, uses the theatrical device of a monologue where a character or person on stage speaks alone. Often done to highlight the character or authors internal thoughts and vocalize them to an implied audience, it was used in poetry in the 20th century. Romantic poetry was seen as the root of the same. It is usually one persons speech to oneself or the audience / reader wherein he talks about a subjective view on a situation, topic, or any other character. Robert Browning was the poet who perfected the use of dramatic monologue in his poems like My Last Duchess, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister. His use of the device influenced Eliot and other modernist writers. 2.2 Paradox As the term signifies, a paradox occurs when there is self-contradiction in a sentence. Even ideas can have a paradox in them. It is done often for stylistic reasons and to express a complicated thought or feeling. Hamlets line I must be cruel only to be kind. (Act 3, Scene iv line 178) in Shakespeares play with the same title is an example of paradox where two contradictory emotions of kindness and cruelty are brought together. 2.3 Antithesis It basically denotes the coming together of complete opposites in a sentence. It is a rhetorical device often used by orators. For example, Goethes quote Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing is an example of the same. 2.4 Symbol Derived from the greek word Symbolom, a symbol is a word or object that stands for another word or object. For example a fox is a symbol for cleverness and dove is the universal symbol for peace. 2.5 Problem Play Used mostly with reference to drama, a problem play usually deals with an attempt to focus the public opinion about a social concern. It engages therefore with a problem in the most feasible manner and may either seek to solve it or complicate it further. It was made famous by Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian Playwright and even used by G.B Shaw in his plays. 2.6 Essay Usually a piece of prose writing that is aimed at being a thoughtful piece of writing with strong intellectual debates and undertones. It is derived from the word exagium that in Latin means a trial by weight. The form is believed to have emerged in the Renaissance and Francis Bacon in 1597 published his Essays. 2.7 Novel A novel is a piece of literature that can be fictional or real and is written in prose. It is very different from drama and poetry by the extent of its length. There are many sub genres that can be a part of the novel itself. In fact a single novel is often is result of play of these various strands of literature. The root of the word Novel or Novella signifies something new as it was a later conception in the history of literature. It came after poetry and drama. It was the 18th and the 19th century that form became a major literary field with writers like Daniel Defoe, the author of Robinson Crusoe; Fielding, who wrote Tom Jones and Samuel Richardson, Charles Dickens and others. After the romantic phase there was a revival of the gothic fiction in works like Ann Radcliffs Mysteries of Udolfo and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Gothic was one such genre of the novel form. Realist novels, Sensational novels, domestic novels are just some of the others. On the whole the novel can be seen as a fictional narrative in prose, generally longer than a short story. Unlike the epic, which is now seen as a dead genre, the novel is still enjoying its high status in the literary market as perhaps, it has evolved with the continuously evolving world. 2.8 Free Verse Free verse is a type of structure which does not have a fixed meter or regular rhythm. Even the line length varies from one sentence to another. The cadence is dependent solely on the wish of the writer but sometimes alternates between stressed and unstressed syllables. It was derived from the word freo a middle-english word that meant free. Many great writers and poets experimented with the free verse style including Milton in his Samson Agonistes. 2.9 Short Story   A short story is also a form of fiction writing but is different from the novel because of the length due to which it gets its name. It can be a highly serious work of literature, a didactic one with a moral, a part of childrens fiction and is also open to experimentation. For example, Rudyard Kipling wrote many short stories. The word short comes from the word sceort which means the same. Defoe also wrote short stories because of the popularity of serial novels at his time. It is however Edgar Allen Poe, who is considered to be a seminal figure responsible for the popularity of short stories as a genre. Joyce wrote them in his work titled Dubliners and Kafka wrote Metamorphosis using the same. UNIT 3 FEATURES AND FORMS OF DRAMA Drama is one of the oldest forms of literature along with the epic. It is believed to have derived from the ancient Greek and Roman works. 3.1 Plot A plot is the main trajectory of drama and called be called as its story line. In Poetics, while defining all the major parts of a drama, Aristotle believed that the plot was of prime importance. It was so because it the plot that could be success at achieving